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ABDOMEN REGISTRY > Chapter 8: Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

The adrenal glands are also called _____ glands

A

Suprarenal

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2
Q

Are the adrenal grands endocrine or exocrine

A

Endocrine

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3
Q

The adrenal glands are __________ in location

A

Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

The adrenal glands are controlled by hormones produced in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. What is this system referred to as

A

Hypothalmic-pituitary- adrenal axis

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5
Q

What is the ACTH hormone

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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6
Q

The hypothalamus controls the release of ACTH by the pituitary gland, which in turn does what

A

Controls de release of hormones by the adrenal glands

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7
Q

Name the 4 hormones released by the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone
Androgens
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Estrogens

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8
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Regulates BP by controlling amount of sodium and water in the body

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9
Q

What does androgens do

A

Minimal impact on male characteristics
Contribute to testosterone production

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10
Q

What does cortisol (hydrocortisone) do

A

Glucose metabolism
BP regulation
Immune function
Inflammatory response

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11
Q

What do estrogens do

A

Minimal impact on female characteristics
Contribute to estrogen production

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12
Q

Name the two hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine

These two are responsible for the flight or fight response

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13
Q

What does epinephrine (adrenaline) do

A

Accelerated heart rate, increases BP, opens airway in lungs and narrows blood vessels in the skin and intestines to increase flow to big muscles

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14
Q

What does norepinephrine do

A

Accelerates hart rate, increases BP, contracts vessels

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15
Q

The adrenal cortex is composed by what three zones

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona recticularis

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16
Q

Adrenal glands are enclosed in ______ fascia

A

Gerota

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17
Q

The right suprarenal vein drains into ______

A

IVC

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18
Q

The left suprarenal vein drains into ______

A

Left renal vein

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19
Q

Addison disease is also called what other two names

A

Primary adrenocortical insufficiency
Or
Chronic primary hypoadrenalism

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20
Q

Describe Addison disease

A

Endocrine disorder that results from hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
The cortex inadecuadamente secretes corticosteroids

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21
Q

Addison disease can be caused by what

A

Autoimmune disorder, infection or tuberculosis

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of Addison disease

A

Hypotension, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, and hyperpigmentation of the skin

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23
Q

Addison disease will cause an increase in production of ____ by the pituitary gland

A

ACTH

24
Q

What are lab values related to Addison disease

A

Elevated liver enzymes, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia

25
Q

What is hyperkalemia

A

High potassium

26
Q

What is hyponatremia

A

Low sodium

27
Q

What does acute Addison disease look like

A

Enlarged glands

28
Q

What does chronic Addison disease look like

A

Atrophic or calcified glands

29
Q

What is Cushing syndrome

A

The result of the overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

30
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing syndrome

A

Obesity, thinning arms and legs, hypertension, hirsutism, hyperglycemia, fatigue, poor wound healing, buffalo hump, moon face, and red/purple abdominal striae

31
Q

What is hirsutism

A

Growth of male hair in females

32
Q

Cushing disease can result from a tumor in the ________________ gland

A

Anterior pituitary gland

33
Q

The tumor located within adrenal gland is most likely adrenal ______

A

adenoma

34
Q

Conn syndrome is also called primary _________

A

Hyperaldosteronism

35
Q

Conn syndrome results from high levels of ______

A

Aldosterone

36
Q

Conn Syndrome can be caused by a functioning tumor in the cortex, most likely an _________

A

Adrenaladenoma

37
Q

What are the symptoms of a patient with conn syndrome

A

Hypertension, excessive thirst, excessive urination, muscle cramps and weakness

38
Q

What are lab values related to conn syndrome

A

High sodium
Low potassium

39
Q

Describe adrenal adenoma

A

Most common benign solid hypoechoic mass of the adrenals that can be hyperfunctioning or not

40
Q

An adrenal adenoma can be asymptomatic or have the same symptoms as ________ and ________ syndromes

A

Cushing and Conn

41
Q

What is a pheochromocytoma

A

Hyperfunctioning benign adrenal mass that can be malignant
Causes excessive release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

42
Q

A pheochromocytoma arises from the adrenal ______

A

Medulla

43
Q

Pheochromocytoma causes uncontrollable _________ and what other symptoms

A

Hypertension.
Other symptoms include:
Headaches, tachycardia, tremors, anxiety and sweating

44
Q

What does a pheochromocytoma look like

A

Large hyperechoic mass, but can look different

45
Q

Adrenal cysts that have a rim of calcification around, are worrisome for

A

Malignancy

46
Q

What are adrenal rests

A

Accessory adrenal gland tissue found in other parts of the body

47
Q

Adrenal rests are often associated with congenital adrenal __________ and ___________ syndrome

A

Hyperplasia, Cushing

48
Q

Adrenal carcinoma may mimic the symptoms of what syndrome

A

Cushing syndrome

49
Q

What does adrenal carcinoma look like

A

Solid hypoechoic mass or large heterogeneous mass

50
Q

What does a neuroblastoma look like

A

Solid large (8cm) heterogenous mass that typically contains calcifications

51
Q

Neuroblastoma is more common before what age

A

5 years old

52
Q

Neuroblastomas arise from the adrenal ______

A

Medulla

53
Q

What are the clinical findings of a neuroblastoma

A

Palpable abdominal mass, abdominal pain, bone pain, blue spots in skin

54
Q

Adrenal glands can hemorrhage after a ______ birth, or stressed______

A

Traumatic, neonates

55
Q

What are the symptoms of adrenal hemorrhage

A

Abdominal mass, jaundice, anemia, from in BP and hematocrit

56
Q

The hematoma after an adrenal hemorrhage will look like

A

A rounded or triangular shaped mass. Echogenicity depends on age of hematoma

ABDOMEN REGISTRY (13 decks)

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