Chapter 8: Adrenal Glands

Question 1

The adrenal glands are also called _____ glands

Answer 1

Suprarenal

Question 2

Are the adrenal grands endocrine or exocrine

Answer 2

Endocrine

Question 3

The adrenal glands are __________ in location

Answer 3

Retroperitoneal

Question 4

The adrenal glands are controlled by hormones produced in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. What is this system referred to as

Answer 4

Hypothalmic-pituitary- adrenal axis

Question 5

What is the ACTH hormone

Answer 5

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 6

The hypothalamus controls the release of ACTH by the pituitary gland, which in turn does what

Answer 6

Controls de release of hormones by the adrenal glands

Question 7

Name the 4 hormones released by the adrenal cortex

Answer 7

Aldosterone
Androgens
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Estrogens

Question 8

What does aldosterone do

Answer 8

Regulates BP by controlling amount of sodium and water in the body

Question 9

What does androgens do

Answer 9

Minimal impact on male characteristics
Contribute to testosterone production

Question 10

What does cortisol (hydrocortisone) do

Answer 10

Glucose metabolism
BP regulation
Immune function
Inflammatory response

Question 11

What do estrogens do

Answer 11

Minimal impact on female characteristics
Contribute to estrogen production

Question 12

Name the two hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

Answer 12

Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine

These two are responsible for the flight or fight response

Question 13

What does epinephrine (adrenaline) do

Answer 13

Accelerated heart rate, increases BP, opens airway in lungs and narrows blood vessels in the skin and intestines to increase flow to big muscles

Question 14

What does norepinephrine do

Answer 14

Accelerates hart rate, increases BP, contracts vessels

Question 15

The adrenal cortex is composed by what three zones

Answer 15

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona recticularis

Question 16

Adrenal glands are enclosed in ______ fascia

Answer 16

Gerota

Question 17

The right suprarenal vein drains into ______

Answer 17

IVC

Question 18

The left suprarenal vein drains into ______

Answer 18

Left renal vein

Question 19

Addison disease is also called what other two names

Answer 19

Primary adrenocortical insufficiency
Or
Chronic primary hypoadrenalism

Question 20

Describe Addison disease

Answer 20

Endocrine disorder that results from hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
The cortex inadecuadamente secretes corticosteroids

Question 21

Addison disease can be caused by what

Answer 21

Autoimmune disorder, infection or tuberculosis

Question 22

What are the symptoms of Addison disease

Answer 22

Hypotension, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, and hyperpigmentation of the skin

Question 23

Addison disease will cause an increase in production of ____ by the pituitary gland

Answer 23

ACTH

Question 24

What are lab values related to Addison disease

Answer 24

Elevated liver enzymes, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia

Question 25

What is hyperkalemia

Answer 25

High potassium

Question 26

What is hyponatremia

Answer 26

Low sodium

Question 27

What does acute Addison disease look like

Answer 27

Enlarged glands

Question 28

What does chronic Addison disease look like

Answer 28

Atrophic or calcified glands

Question 29

What is Cushing syndrome

Answer 29

The result of the overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

Question 30

What are the symptoms of Cushing syndrome

Answer 30

Obesity, thinning arms and legs, hypertension, hirsutism, hyperglycemia, fatigue, poor wound healing, buffalo hump, moon face, and red/purple abdominal striae

Question 31

What is hirsutism

Answer 31

Growth of male hair in females

Question 32

Cushing disease can result from a tumor in the ________________ gland

Answer 32

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 33

The tumor located within adrenal gland is most likely adrenal ______

Answer 33

adenoma

Question 34

Conn syndrome is also called primary _________

Answer 34

Hyperaldosteronism

Question 35

Conn syndrome results from high levels of ______

Answer 35

Aldosterone

Question 36

Conn Syndrome can be caused by a functioning tumor in the cortex, most likely an _________

Answer 36

Adrenaladenoma

Question 37

What are the symptoms of a patient with conn syndrome

Answer 37

Hypertension, excessive thirst, excessive urination, muscle cramps and weakness

Question 38

What are lab values related to conn syndrome

Answer 38

High sodium Low potassium

Question 39

Describe adrenal adenoma

Answer 39

Most common benign solid hypoechoic mass of the adrenals that can be hyperfunctioning or not

Question 40

An adrenal adenoma can be asymptomatic or have the same symptoms as ________ and ________ syndromes

Answer 40

Cushing and Conn

Question 41

What is a pheochromocytoma

Answer 41

Hyperfunctioning benign adrenal mass that can be malignant Causes excessive release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 42

A pheochromocytoma arises from the adrenal ______

Answer 42

Medulla

Question 43

Pheochromocytoma causes uncontrollable _________ and what other symptoms

Answer 43

Hypertension. Other symptoms include: Headaches, tachycardia, tremors, anxiety and sweating

Question 44

What does a pheochromocytoma look like

Answer 44

Large hyperechoic mass, but can look different

Question 45

Adrenal cysts that have a rim of calcification around, are worrisome for

Answer 45

Malignancy

Question 46

What are adrenal rests

Answer 46

Accessory adrenal gland tissue found in other parts of the body

Question 47

Adrenal rests are often associated with congenital adrenal __________ and ___________ syndrome

Answer 47

Hyperplasia, Cushing

Question 48

Adrenal carcinoma may mimic the symptoms of what syndrome

Answer 48

Cushing syndrome

Question 49

What does adrenal carcinoma look like

Answer 49

Solid hypoechoic mass or large heterogeneous mass

Question 50

What does a neuroblastoma look like

Answer 50

Solid large (8cm) heterogenous mass that typically contains calcifications

Question 51

Neuroblastoma is more common before what age

Answer 51

5 years old

Question 52

Neuroblastomas arise from the adrenal ______

Answer 52

Medulla

Question 53

What are the clinical findings of a neuroblastoma

Answer 53

Palpable abdominal mass, abdominal pain, bone pain, blue spots in skin

Question 54

Adrenal glands can hemorrhage after a ______ birth, or stressed______

Answer 54

Traumatic, neonates

Question 55

What are the symptoms of adrenal hemorrhage

Answer 55

Abdominal mass, jaundice, anemia, from in BP and hematocrit

Question 56

The hematoma after an adrenal hemorrhage will look like

Answer 56

A rounded or triangular shaped mass. Echogenicity depends on age of hematoma