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ABDOMEN REGISTRY > Chapter 7: Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common location of an ectopic kidney

A

Pelvis

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2
Q

Which kidney is longer

A

Left

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3
Q

Whats the innermost covering of the kidney

A

Renal capsule

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4
Q

After the renal capsule, what are the three layers surrounding the kidney, from innermost to outermost

A

Perirenal fat
Gerota fascia
Pararenal fat

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5
Q

Whats the order of the vascular anatomy of the kidney, starting at the hilum

A

Segmentals
Interlobar
Arcuate
Interlobular

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6
Q

What is the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract

A

Duplicated collecting system (2 renal sinuses)

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7
Q

The pyramids of the kidney are separated by the columns of ______

A

Bertín

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8
Q

What is compensatory hypertrophy renal variant

A

Cuando un riñón está jodio y el otro se agranda

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9
Q

What is a crossed fused ectopic kidney

A

Both kidneys are fused on the same side of the body

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10
Q

What is junctional parenchymal renal defect

A

Incomplete fusion of 2 components of the kidney. Echogenic line separating them

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11
Q

What is renal sinus lipomatosis

A

Excessive fat in renal pelvis making it large and echogenic

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12
Q

What is the most common place for a stone to lodge in the urinary tract

A

Ureterovesicle junction

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13
Q

What is a ureterocele

A

Dilation of the ureter as it enters the bladder
Looks like an anechoic balloon in the lumen of the bladder

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14
Q

What is a megaureter

A

Congenital large ureter

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15
Q

What is a hydroureter

A

Large ureter associated with obstruction

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16
Q

What are the 4 layers of the bladder wall from inner to outer

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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17
Q

The destrusor muscle is in charge of emptying the bladder and is located in what layer of the bladder

A

Muscularis

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18
Q

A distended bladder wall should measure less than

A

4mm

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19
Q

What is a neurogenic bladder

A

Poorly functioning bladder secondary to neurological disorder that affects the detrusor muscle

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20
Q

What is a bladder dicerticulum

A

Outpouching in the bladder wall como un globo pero para afuera associated with obstruction

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21
Q

What is cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder and thickening of the wall (mas de 4mm)

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22
Q

What is the most common malignant tumor of the bladder

A

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

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23
Q

Describe transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

A

Smooth or papillary hypo/hyperechoic non mobile vascular mass that projects into lumen

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24
Q

Describe acute renal failure

A

Sudden decrease in renal function, often caused by acute tubular necrosis

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25
Q

What does acute renal failure look like on ultrasound

A

Normal kidneys (maybe more echogenic)
Hydroneprhosis sometimes

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26
Q

What are clinical findings of acute renal failure

A

Elevated BUN and creatinine
Oliguria
Hematuria
Hypertension
Leukocytosis
Edema
Hypovolemia

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27
Q

What is the most common cause for chronic renal failure

A

Diabetes mellitus

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28
Q

Chronic renal failure will lead to end stage renal _______

A

Disease

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29
Q

Describe autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

A

Seen in ADULTS
Most common cause of renal failure
Associated with polycystic liver disease
Bilat enlarged kidneys that contain multiple cysts

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30
Q

Describe autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

A

Seen in CHILDREN
Dilation of the renal collecting tubules
Pts die
Clinical findings of renal failure

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31
Q

Describe multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

A

Asymptomatic Unilateral huge cysts everywhere in that kidney making it non functional

The other kidney takes over and becomes enlarged

32
Q

Describe acquired renal cystic disease

A

Can result from hemodyalisis
Development of cysts
Clinical findings of chronic renal failure

33
Q

What is Von hippel lindau syndrome

A

Tumors in the central nervous system, cysts in the kidneys and pancreas, renal cell carcinoma and adrenal gland tumors

34
Q

What is tuberous sclerosis

A

Bilateral renal cysts and angiomyolipomas in the kidneys. Associated with renal cystic disease
Shows skin lesions of the face and epilepsy

35
Q

What is acute pyelonephritis

A

Inflamed kidneys secondary to infection
Most common in woman

36
Q

What is pyonephrosis

A

Pus in the collecting system of the kidney
Will show hydronephrosis too

37
Q

What does chronic pyelonephritis look like

A

Small echogenic kidneys with lobulated borders and renal scar and dilated calyx

38
Q

What is a renal or perinephric absess

A

Can occur secondary to pyelonephritis inside the kidney or adjacent to it (perinephric)
May show gas

39
Q

What is emphysematous pyelonephritis

A

Rare complication of pyelonephritis where there is gas in the renal parenchyma
Can be fatal

40
Q

What is xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

A

When renal parenchyma is replaced with granulomatous tissue
Typically caused by chronic urinary tract obstruction and infection

41
Q

What is the most common cause for renal fungal disease

A

Candida albicans

42
Q

What does renal fungal disease look like

A

Hyperechoic mobile nonshadowing fungal balls in the renal collecting system

43
Q

What is glomerulonephritis

A

Caused by a recent throat infection like strep or other conditions
Kidneys can slowly shut down
Acute- big echogenic kidneys
Chronic- small echogenic kidneys

44
Q

A parasitic UTI is mits commonly developed from what parasite

A

Schistosomiasis. A parasite that enters the skin
Causes bladder wall thickening

45
Q

Parasitic UTIs can also be caused by what parasite

A

Echinococcus granulosus
Develops a hydatid cyst
Common in Middle East, Australia, Mediterranean

46
Q

What does a hydatid renal cyst look like

A

Can contain a daughter cyst with debris or appear complex or simple

47
Q

What is hydronephrosis (aka pyelocaliectosis)

A

Dilation of the renal collecting system secondary to obstruction

48
Q

Hydronephrosis can alter renal artery index making it greater than

A

0.7

49
Q

Urolithiasis is most frequently found in men and it can cause ________ pain in males

A

Testicular

50
Q

What is a staghorn calculus

A

A stone that fills in and takes the shape of the renal pelvis

51
Q

What is the most common location for a urinary stone to lodge

A

Ureterovesicle junction (near the bladder)

52
Q

What is nephrocalcinosis

A

Accumulation of calcium in the kidney
Can be medullary or cortical

53
Q

Medullary nephrocalcinosis can be caused by what defect

A

Medullary sponge kidney

54
Q

What are some specific clinical findings of nephrocalcinosis

A

Hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism

55
Q

An angiomyolipoma is also called _________ and is the most common benign hyperechoic renal tumor

A

Hamartoma

56
Q

What is an oncocytoma

A

Second most common benign renal mass
Often found in men 60 years or older
Variable sono appearance

57
Q

What’s a renal hemangioma

A

Benign small hyperechoic mass of blood vessels that develop around 30-40 years old

58
Q

What is a renal lipoma

A

Benign hyperechoic fatty tumor often found in women measuring less than 5mm

59
Q

What is a renal adenoma

A

Benign vascular hyperechoic mass with calcifications that appears similar to its malignant counterpart RCC
Less than 1cm

60
Q

What does a renal fracture look like

A

Linear absence of echoes or like an anechoic line

61
Q

Renal cell carcinoma is also called what other names

A

Hypernephroma
Adenocarcinoma

62
Q

Hippel lindau disease is associated with _______ cell carcinoma

A

Renal

63
Q

What does renal cell carcinoma look like

A

Varying echogenicity solid mass, or complex cyst
Check for metastasis to IVC or liver

64
Q

What is renal transitional carcinoma

A

Malignant tumor found in renal pelvis causing focal dilation of cálices
Hydronephrosis can be present

65
Q

Metastases to the kidney most often comes from where

A

Lungs or breast

66
Q

What is nutcracker syndrome

A

Entrapment of the left renal vein as it passes the SMA and aorta
Make pts may complain of testicle pain
And females may suffer from pelvic congestion syndrome

67
Q

With renal artery stenosis, sonogram will show thickening and calcification of renal artery and renal-aorta ratio of ____

A

3.5

68
Q

With renal vein thrombosis, what’s gonna happen to that kidney

A

It will increase in size and be heterogenous

69
Q

What is an allograft

A

Transplanted kidney

70
Q

What is the most common complication of a transplanted kidney

A

Renal artery stenosis

71
Q

What is the most common cause for pediatric congenital hydronephrosis

A

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

72
Q

Pediatric vesicoureteral reflux is commonly caused by

A

Abnormal angle of insertion of the distal ureter into the bladder so the valve doesn’t work properly

73
Q

What is the Weigert-Meyer rule

A

It says that pts with duplicated pelvicaliceal systems and complete ureteral duplication may suffer from vesicoureteral reflux
Y que el sistema más arriba es siempre el del problema

74
Q

Pediatric patients that develop Wilma tumor usually have what syndrome

A

Beckwith wiedemann syndrome

75
Q

The urachus connects the _______ to the umbilicus during fetal development and then it’s supposed to close

A

Bladder

76
Q

If the urachus doesn’t close during fetal development it can cause what

A

Anomalies
Including cysts, diverticulum, patent urachus (fistula) and urachus sinus

ABDOMEN REGISTRY (13 decks)

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