Chapter 11: Chest And Retroperitoneum Flashcards

1
Q

The visceral pleura covers each ______

A

Lung

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2
Q

What is the pleural space

A

The area between the visceral and parietal pleura. Normal amount of fluid is located there to help lungs slide

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3
Q

What is a pleural effusion

A

Excessive fluid accumulation around the lung in the pleural space

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4
Q

Describe transudate pleural effusion

A

Results from an imbalance in oncotic and hydrostatic pressure

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5
Q

Describe exudate pleural effusion

A

Results from inflammation or a reduction in lymphatic drainage

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6
Q

What is parapneumonic efffusion

A

Pleural effusion associated with pneumonia

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7
Q

What is empyema

A

Pleural effusion with pus

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8
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

Caused by a thoracentesis. Air between the 2 pleural layers

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9
Q

Pneumothorax is better visualized with what imaging modality

A

Xray

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10
Q

With M-Mode, pneumothorax will demonstrate what sign

A

Barcode sign (aka stratosphere sign)

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11
Q

A normal M-Mode finding of a lung sliding will show what sign

A

Seashore sign

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12
Q

During childhood the thymus produces what cells

A

T-cells (specialized lymphocytes)

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13
Q

What chest masses can be analyzed with ultrasound

A

Tumors of the mediastinum like Lymphomas, thymomas
And superficial lung masses too

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14
Q

Ped petients may be evaluated for what kind of stuff in the chest

A

Pulmonary sequestration

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

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15
Q

What is lung consolidation

A

Normal air in the alveoli is replaced with fluid, inflammation and neoplastic cells

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16
Q

Lung consolidation can be caused by what

A

Pneumonia, hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, carcinoma

17
Q

What does lung consolidation look like

A

Similar to liver tissue, with internal echoes (air)
Pleural effusion may be seen too

18
Q

The retroperitoneum is located posterior to the ______ peritoneum

19
Q

The retroperitoneum extends from the diaphragm to the

20
Q

What is the crura of the diaphragm

A

Lineal muscular sections of the diaphragm that attach to the anterolateral surfaces of upper lumbar vertebrae

21
Q

Which two muscles are seen adjacent to the kidneys

A

Psoas muscle and quadratus lumborum

22
Q

The psoas muscle is seen ________ to the kidney and closer to the _______

A

Posterior, spine

23
Q

The quadratus lumborum is seen _______ and _______ to the kidney

A

Posterior and lateral

24
Q

Describe retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

Development of a fibrous hypoechoic mass that covers abdominal aorta, IVC, ureters and sacrum

25
What are the symptoms of retroperitoneal fibrosis
Back/ flank pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting and malaise
26
What is the most common location of a retroperitoneal hematoma
Within the psoas muscles
27
What are the clinical findings of retroperitoneal hematoma
Hemophilia, trauma, surgery, low hematocrit and pain
28
What is retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
Enlargement of lymph nodes (>1cm) Can indicate infection or malignancy
29
What does retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy look like
Large hypoechoic or anechoic lymph nodes compressing aorta and IVC (sandwich sign) Can also be located in the mesentery or renal hilum
30
What is the gold standard for lung imaging
CT
31
Retroperitoneal fibrosis is also called
Ormonds disease
32
List common causes for ormonds disease
Malignancy Radiation Chemotherapy Crohns disease Aortic aneurysm
33
What is the normal bladder post void volume for elderly
50-100ml
34
The pleural cavity is _______ to the diaphragm
Superior
35
Round shape lymph nodes often suggest ______
Abnormality