Chapter 11: Chest And Retroperitoneum Flashcards
The visceral pleura covers each ______
Lung
What is the pleural space
The area between the visceral and parietal pleura. Normal amount of fluid is located there to help lungs slide
What is a pleural effusion
Excessive fluid accumulation around the lung in the pleural space
Describe transudate pleural effusion
Results from an imbalance in oncotic and hydrostatic pressure
Describe exudate pleural effusion
Results from inflammation or a reduction in lymphatic drainage
What is parapneumonic efffusion
Pleural effusion associated with pneumonia
What is empyema
Pleural effusion with pus
What is pneumothorax
Caused by a thoracentesis. Air between the 2 pleural layers
Pneumothorax is better visualized with what imaging modality
Xray
With M-Mode, pneumothorax will demonstrate what sign
Barcode sign (aka stratosphere sign)
A normal M-Mode finding of a lung sliding will show what sign
Seashore sign
During childhood the thymus produces what cells
T-cells (specialized lymphocytes)
What chest masses can be analyzed with ultrasound
Tumors of the mediastinum like Lymphomas, thymomas
And superficial lung masses too
Ped petients may be evaluated for what kind of stuff in the chest
Pulmonary sequestration
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
What is lung consolidation
Normal air in the alveoli is replaced with fluid, inflammation and neoplastic cells
Lung consolidation can be caused by what
Pneumonia, hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, carcinoma
What does lung consolidation look like
Similar to liver tissue, with internal echoes (air)
Pleural effusion may be seen too
The retroperitoneum is located posterior to the ______ peritoneum
Parietal
The retroperitoneum extends from the diaphragm to the
Pelvis
What is the crura of the diaphragm
Lineal muscular sections of the diaphragm that attach to the anterolateral surfaces of upper lumbar vertebrae
Which two muscles are seen adjacent to the kidneys
Psoas muscle and quadratus lumborum
The psoas muscle is seen ________ to the kidney and closer to the _______
Posterior, spine
The quadratus lumborum is seen _______ and _______ to the kidney
Posterior and lateral
Describe retroperitoneal fibrosis
Development of a fibrous hypoechoic mass that covers abdominal aorta, IVC, ureters and sacrum
What are the symptoms of retroperitoneal fibrosis
Back/ flank pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting and malaise
What is the most common location of a retroperitoneal hematoma
Within the psoas muscles
What are the clinical findings of retroperitoneal hematoma
Hemophilia, trauma, surgery, low hematocrit and pain
What is retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
Enlargement of lymph nodes (>1cm)
Can indicate infection or malignancy
What does retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy look like
Large hypoechoic or anechoic lymph nodes compressing aorta and IVC (sandwich sign)
Can also be located in the mesentery or renal hilum
What is the gold standard for lung imaging
CT
Retroperitoneal fibrosis is also called
Ormonds disease
List common causes for ormonds disease
Malignancy
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Crohns disease
Aortic aneurysm
What is the normal bladder post void volume for elderly
50-100ml
The pleural cavity is _______ to the diaphragm
Superior
Round shape lymph nodes often suggest ______
Abnormality
