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ABDOMEN REGISTRY > Chapter 14: MSK, Breast And Superficial Structures > Flashcards

Chapter 14: MSK, Breast And Superficial Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Tendons connect what to what

A

Muscles to bone

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2
Q

Ligaments connect what to what

A

Bone to bone

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3
Q

Describe tendonitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon
Can be focal or diffuse
Hyperemic flow
Pain swelling and fever

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4
Q

What is tendosynovitis

A

Fluid within the synovial sheath

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5
Q

Describe partial tear of a tendon

A

Focal hypoechoic areas within tendon

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6
Q

Describe complete tear of a tendon

A

Anechoic or heterogenous area within the tendon, often indicative of hematoma

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7
Q

Complete ruptures may have _________ shadowing in the area of the separated tendon with gunk in the gap there like hematoma, fat

A

Refractive

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8
Q

Achilles tendon is also called

A

Calcaneal tendon

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9
Q

The Achilles tendon connects what to what

A

Calf muscle to heel

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10
Q

When the Achilles tendon is inflamed or ruptured, pts will complain of

A

Posterior ankle and leg pain, and they might say they heard a snap sound

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11
Q

What is the Thompson test

A

Performed to see if there’s a complete tear of Achilles tendon
Calf is squeezed and foot should plantar flex in a healthy pt

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12
Q

What is the gold standard for breast imaging

A

Mammography

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13
Q

Name the three layers of breast tissue from most superficial to deepest

A

Subcutaneous
Mammary
Retromammary

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14
Q

What is the functional layer of the breast

A

Mammary layer

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15
Q

Describe the echogenicity of the subcutaneous layer

A

Hypoechoic, mostly fat

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16
Q

Whats the echogenicity of the mammary layer

A

Hyperechoic, contains ducts of glandular tissue

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17
Q

Whats the echogenicity of the retromammary layer

A

Hypoechoic, contains fat

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18
Q

What is mastitis

A

Breast infection, often associated with lactation or trauma

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19
Q

What is puerperal mastitis

A

Type of mastitis associated with breastfeeding

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of mastitis

A

Pain redness fever leukocytosis swelling

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21
Q

What does mastitis look like on ultrasound

A

I’ll defined areas of echogenicity with diffuse edema and hypoechoic fluid within subcutaneous layer that outlines fat lobules
Enlarged lymph nodes may be seen

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22
Q

Mastitis can cause the development of an _______

A

Abscess

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23
Q

What does an abscess look like

A

Palpable painful lump
Focal complex fluid collection containing debris
Peripheral hyperemia around it
Enlarged lymph nodes

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24
Q

What are complications after a breast surgery

A

Mastitis
Abscess
Hematoma
Seroma
Lymphedema

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25
What is a seroma
Simple serous sterile fluid fills the vacated region
26
What is a galactocele
Milk filled cyst that can develop after an abrupt termination to breastfeeding or result from duct obstruction
27
What does a galactocele look like
Palpable periareolar mass with pain Round mass with gold borders may appear complex or contain fluid-fluid level
28
When is gynecomastia most commonly encountered
After birth Puberty 50- 80 years old
29
Gynecomastia can be associated with high levels of ____, which may be produced by some tumors in the testis
HCG
30
What are the symptoms of gynecomastia
Tender palpable retroareolar breast mass that is firm to the touch
31
What does gynecomastia look like on ultrasound
Triangular hypoechoic mass posterior to areola
32
Gynecomastia can also be associated with high levels of _______, adrenal tumors, hepatoblastoma, Klinefelter syndrome and some drugs
Estrogen
33
What is a superficial epidermal cyst
Potentially the result of an obstructed hair follicle Can be congenital or the result of trauma Palpable asymptomatic mass that raises the skin
34
What does a superficial epidermal cyst look like on ultrasound
Can look anechoic, hypo or hyperechoic or complex Pseudotestis look
35
What is a ganglion cyst
Common mass found along the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist Can also arise from any other joint
36
What are bible bumps
Large ganglion cysts in the wrist
37
Ganglion cysts within the wrist are called ______ ganglion cysts
Dorsal
38
Describe a volar ganglion cyst
Located near radial artery
39
What does a ganglion cyst look like on ultrasound
Non compressible anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement May contain debris and septations
40
What is a lipoma
Asymptomatic Benign fatty tumor usually compressible and oval in shape Isoechoic to adjacent fat
41
What is a hemangioma
Asymptomatic Benign mass composed of vascular channels Raised red or purple mass on skin Hypoechoic with blood flow
42
What is the meniscus
Thin fibrocstilaginous tissue between the surfaces of some joints
43
What are meniscal cysts
Caused by a fluid collection following a meniscal tear after a trauma or degenerative changes Usually found in the knee
44
What are other names for a baker cyst
popliteal cyst or synovial cyst
45
Baker cysts are often seen with what conditions
Rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis
46
What is a pilonidal cyst
Nest of hair located in the gluteal cleft (between the buttocks)
47
What are pilonidal sinus
Like pilonidal cysts but within the fingers or toes
48
What patients are prone to pilonidal cysts
People who sit for long periods of time and hair dressers
49
What is cellulitis
Infection and inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Most often caused by staphylococcus and strep
50
What are the clinical findings of cellulitis
Red warm tender skin, leukocytosis especially if there is an abscess,
51
What does cellulitis look like on ultrasound
Hypoechoic, edematous strands within soft tissue (cobblestone appearance)
52
Malignant melanoma consists of __ % of all skin cancers
11
53
What does primary AND metastatic melanoma look like
Hypoechoic with high vascularity
54
When imaging foreign objects, distance from the skin to the _________ should be obtained to aid in removal
Object
55
Describe developmental dysplasia of the hip
Congenital anomaly described as shallow hip pocket
56
Developmental dysplasia is caused by what
Abnormal fetal ligament development within the hip. Intensified by excessive levels of maternal estrogen
57
Developmental hyperplasia is most common in female patients O SEA YO and which side
Left
58
What are the two clinical tests performed to evaluate developmental dysplasia of the hip
Barlow test and Ortolani test
59
Describe Barlow test
Used to evaluate the hip for dislocation and requires leg to be adducted
60
Describe ortolani test
Evaluates the reduction or relocation of a dislocated hip and is performed by abducting and lifting the thigh relocating the hip back into the acetabulum A click may be heard
61
Ultrasound of the hip is done both in flexión and at ____
Rest
62
Describe the subluxation position of the femur head
Indicates Partial dislocation of the hip
63
Infant hip is examined in what two planes
Coronal and transverse
64
What is the Graf technique
Obtained in coronal view Used to measure the relationship of the femoral head and acetabulum by evaluating alpha and beta angles created por las dos estructuras esas
65
The ______ the alpha angle and the _____ the beta angle, the most likely the infant has DDH
Smaller, larger
66
Coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum of greater than ___% is normal
55
67
Nonsurgical treatment for developmental dysplasia can be done with casting or _____ harness
Pavlik
68
Hip effusion is typically seen in what ages
5-10
69
Hip effusion is most likely the result of ___________
Transient synovitis
70
What are the clinical findings of infant hip joint effusion
Leg/knee pain, hard to walk, low grade fever, mild leukocytosis
71
A joint effusion will elevate the anterior joint capsule, and it will measure
More than 5mm

ABDOMEN REGISTRY (13 decks)

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