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ABDOMEN REGISTRY > Chapter 12: Face And Neck > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Face And Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three groups of salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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2
Q

What are the largest type of salivary glands

A

Parotid glands

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3
Q

Do you know the location for the parotid glands

A

Yes. Alante de las orejas por ahí
Anterior to mastoid process and sternlcleidomastoid muscles

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4
Q

What is the main duct of the parotid salivary glands

A

Stensen duct

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5
Q

What is the main duct of the submandibular glands

A

Wharton duct

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6
Q

When scanning salivary glands, what should you keep in mind in regards to sides

A

Scan both sides, most diseases impact both sides

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7
Q

Salivary glands are ______echoic to adjacent muscles

A

Hyperechoic

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8
Q

What does the Word part sial(o) means

A

Saliva

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9
Q

What shape are submandibular glands

A

Triangular

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10
Q

What shape are sublingual glands

A

Round

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11
Q

What shape are parotid glands

A

Ovaladas

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12
Q

What is the pathology Ranula

A

Mucus retention cyst in the floor of the mouth arising from obstructed sublingual or minor salivary duct
Well defined homogenous hypoechoic or anechoic mass
Can look complex if infected

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13
Q

What is Sjögren syndrome

A

Autoimmune disease that affects all glands that produce moisture
Heterogenous hyperemic enlarged with diffuse hypoechoic regions

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14
Q

What is sialadenitis

A

Inflammation of salivary glands
Heterogenous, hyperechoic and enlarged with diffuse hypoechoic regions

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15
Q

What is sialolithiasis

A

Salivary duct stones
Most common in submandibular
Dilated duct with stone

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16
Q

What is pleomorphic adenoma

A

Benign and MOST FREQUENT tumor of salivary glands
Commonly seen in parotid glands
Hypoechoic mass

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17
Q

What is mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A

MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY of the salivary glands
Starts at the parotid gland
Hypoechoic or heterogenous mass with moderate vascularity

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18
Q

What is hyperthyroidism vs hypothyroidism

A

Too many hormones, too little hormones

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19
Q

What is the “pyramidal lobe” thyroid variation

A

Superior extension of the isthmus

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20
Q

The thyroid consists of multiple follicles that contain a fluid called _____ that is composed of proteins and thyroid hormones

A

Colloid

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21
Q

The thyroid uses _______ to produce its hormones

A

Iodine

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22
Q

What are the three hormones of the thyroid

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin

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23
Q

What is the most abundant thyroid hormone and what is its function

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Aids in the metabolism of fats, proteins and carbs

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24
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin

A

Removing calcium from the blood and store it in the bones

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25
Q

What is the function of triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Aids in the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbs

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26
Q

What is the first branch of the ECA

A

Superior thyroid artery

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27
Q

The Rt love of the thyroid is usually _____ than the left

A

Larger

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28
Q

The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the ______ trunk, which arises from the subclavian artery

A

Thyrocervical

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29
Q

The isthmus should measure

A

2-6 mm AP

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30
Q

What should be the length of a lobe of the thyroid

A

4-6cm

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31
Q

What is the width and thickness of a thyroid lobe

A

Width 2-3cm
Thickness 1-2cm

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32
Q

Elastography that show tumors that are soft, usually means they are

A

Benign

33
Q

Describe Goiter disease

A

Enlarged or hyperplastic thyroid gland
Caused by iodine deficiency, Graves disease, or thyroiditis

34
Q

What are the clinical findings of Goiter

A

Palpable and often visually enlarged thyroid
Throat tightness
Dysphagia
Dyspnea
Coughing
Hoarse voice

35
Q

With Goiter, the isthmus of the thyroid will measure more than

A

1cm AP

36
Q

Describe multinodular or adenomatous goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid gland with multiple nodules with cystic and solid components

37
Q

Describe Graves disease

A

Most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Thyroid will look diffusely heterogeneous or hypoechoic

38
Q

Graves’ disease is also called

A

Diffuse toxic goiter

39
Q

What is the thyroid inferno sign

A

Hypervascularity in the thyroid

40
Q

What are some clinical findings of hyperthyroidism

A

Bulging eyes
Heat intolerance
Nervousness
Weight loss with increased appetite
Tachycardia
Oligomenorrhea

41
Q

What is Hashimoto thyroditis

A

Autoimmune disease and most common case of hypothyroidism

42
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis is also known as

A

Chronic autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis

43
Q

What happens to the thyroid of a person with Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

Thyroid becomes inflamed and produces less hormones. And to compensate for that the pituitary gland releases more TSH with makes the thyroid enlarged

44
Q

What are the clinical findings of Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

Asymptomatic at first
Pallor, eye puffiness, peripheral edema, muscle weakness, menorrhagia, slow pulse, high cholesterol

45
Q

End stage of Hashimoto disease may lead to ______ of the thyroid gland

A

Atrophy

46
Q

What will the thyroid look like with Hashimoto disease

A

Diffusely heterogenous, mildly enlarged, increased vascularity, multiple hypoechoic regions separated by fibrous tissue

47
Q

__% of adults have nodules in the thyroid

A

68

48
Q

What are general characteristics of benign thyroid nodules

A

Cystic components
Cyst less than 5mm
Hyperechoic mass
Eggshell calcifications
Spongiform composition
Wider than tall
Hot nodule

49
Q

Nodular hyperplasia is the most common cause of _______

A

Thyroid nodules

50
Q

Describe colloid cysts

A

Hyperechoic focus will show with comet tail artifact

51
Q

Hyperplastic nodules are also known as

A

Adenomatous nodules
These are always multiple

52
Q

Describe follicular adenomas

A

Small round may have surrounding halo
Variying appearance

53
Q

What is the most common form of thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

54
Q

What are some malignant characteristics of thyroid nodules

A

Hypoechoic
Taller than wide
Internal calcifications
Solitary
Central vascularity
Enlargement of cervical lymph nodes
Cold nodule

55
Q

Describe the TI-RADS system

A

Thyroid imaging reporting and data system
Used to evaluate the characteristics that make a nodule suspichus or benign

56
Q

What are the 5 ultrasound features evaluated with TI-RADS

A

Composition
Echogenicity
Shape
Margin
Punctate echogenic foci

57
Q

Nuclear medicine utilizes what technology to classify nodules as either hyper or hypofunctioning

A

Scintigraphy

58
Q

Hot nodules are _____functioning

A

Hyperfunctioning (benign)

59
Q

Cold nodules are ______ functioning

A

Hypofunctioning (malignant)

60
Q

How many pairs of parathyroid glands are there

A

2

61
Q

What are the measurements of a normal parathyroid gland

A

5x3x1 mm

62
Q

What is the function of parathyroid glands

A

Controls the release and absorption of calcium by producing parathyroid hormone

63
Q

Hypercalcemia will cause hyper_____

A

Hyperparathyroidsm

64
Q

What is the most common cause of parathyroid enlargement

A

Parathyroid adenoma

65
Q

What are clinical findings related to parathyroid adenoma

A

Elevated serum calcium levels
And parathyroidism

66
Q

What does a parathyroid adenoma look like

A

Solid mass that will most likely by hypoechoic to thyroid

67
Q

What would an abnormal lymph node look like

A

Enlarged (greater than 1cm) and more rounded in shape with calcifications and no hilum

68
Q

What is lymphadenopathy

A

Metastatic disease to the lymph nodes, especially from like the thyroid

69
Q

What are thyroglossal duct cysts

A

Benign congenital cysts located within midline of the neck superior to thyroid gland
Asymptomatic

70
Q

What do thyroglossal duct cysts look like

A

Anechoic, well defined unilocular cyst

71
Q

What are branchial cleft cysts

A

Congenital neck cysts resulting from al development
Found near the angle of the mandible
Branchial cleft fistula might occur

72
Q

What is a fibromatosis Colli

A

Rare pediatric fibrous tumor located within sternocleidomastoid muscle
Unknown cause

73
Q

Fibromatosis will lead to muscle shortening resulting in twisting of the chin towards the non affected side this is called

A

Torticollis

74
Q

With fibromatosis Colli, what will the sternocleidomastoid muscle look like

A

Fuisiform como un aneurism que se yo

75
Q

What is a lymphangioma

A

Neck mass typically found in posterior neck in utero or neonatal period
Consist of buildup of lymphatic fluid

76
Q

A lymphangioma is also called

A

Cystic hygroma

77
Q

What does a lymphangioma look like and what symptoms

A

Thin walled hypoechoic or anechoic septated mass
Asymptomatic, can cause pain if hemorrhage is present

78
Q

What is the gold standard for thyroid imaging

A

Ultrasound

ABDOMEN REGISTRY (13 decks)

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