Chapter 12: Face And Neck Flashcards by Dayneilis Mora

What are the three groups of salivary glands

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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What are the largest type of salivary glands

Parotid glands

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Do you know the location for the parotid glands

Yes. Alante de las orejas por ahí
Anterior to mastoid process and sternlcleidomastoid muscles

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What is the main duct of the parotid salivary glands

Stensen duct

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What is the main duct of the submandibular glands

Wharton duct

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When scanning salivary glands, what should you keep in mind in regards to sides

Scan both sides, most diseases impact both sides

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Salivary glands are ______echoic to adjacent muscles

Hyperechoic

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What does the Word part sial(o) means

Saliva

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What shape are submandibular glands

Triangular

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What shape are sublingual glands

Round

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What shape are parotid glands

Ovaladas

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What is the pathology Ranula

Mucus retention cyst in the floor of the mouth arising from obstructed sublingual or minor salivary duct
Well defined homogenous hypoechoic or anechoic mass
Can look complex if infected

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What is Sjögren syndrome

Autoimmune disease that affects all glands that produce moisture
Heterogenous hyperemic enlarged with diffuse hypoechoic regions

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What is sialadenitis

Inflammation of salivary glands
Heterogenous, hyperechoic and enlarged with diffuse hypoechoic regions

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What is sialolithiasis

Salivary duct stones
Most common in submandibular
Dilated duct with stone

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What is pleomorphic adenoma

Benign and MOST FREQUENT tumor of salivary glands
Commonly seen in parotid glands
Hypoechoic mass

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What is mucoepidermoid carcinoma

MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY of the salivary glands
Starts at the parotid gland
Hypoechoic or heterogenous mass with moderate vascularity

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What is hyperthyroidism vs hypothyroidism

Too many hormones, too little hormones

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What is the “pyramidal lobe” thyroid variation

Superior extension of the isthmus

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The thyroid consists of multiple follicles that contain a fluid called _____ that is composed of proteins and thyroid hormones

Colloid

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The thyroid uses _______ to produce its hormones

Iodine

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What are the three hormones of the thyroid

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin

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What is the most abundant thyroid hormone and what is its function

Thyroxine (T4)
Aids in the metabolism of fats, proteins and carbs

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What is the function of Calcitonin

Removing calcium from the blood and store it in the bones

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What is the function of triiodothyronine (T3)

Aids in the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbs

What is the first branch of the ECA

Superior thyroid artery

The Rt love of the thyroid is usually _____ than the left

Larger

The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the ______ trunk, which arises from the subclavian artery

Thyrocervical

The isthmus should measure

2-6 mm AP

What should be the length of a lobe of the thyroid

4-6cm

What is the width and thickness of a thyroid lobe

Width 2-3cm Thickness 1-2cm

Elastography that show tumors that are soft, usually means they are

Benign

Describe Goiter disease

Enlarged or hyperplastic thyroid gland Caused by iodine deficiency, Graves disease, or thyroiditis

What are the clinical findings of Goiter

Palpable and often visually enlarged thyroid Throat tightness Dysphagia Dyspnea Coughing Hoarse voice

With Goiter, the isthmus of the thyroid will measure more than

1cm AP

Describe multinodular or adenomatous goiter

Enlarged thyroid gland with multiple nodules with cystic and solid components

Describe Graves disease

Most common cause of hyperthyroidism Thyroid will look diffusely heterogeneous or hypoechoic

Graves’ disease is also called

Diffuse toxic goiter

What is the thyroid inferno sign

Hypervascularity in the thyroid

What are some clinical findings of hyperthyroidism

Bulging eyes Heat intolerance Nervousness Weight loss with increased appetite Tachycardia Oligomenorrhea

What is Hashimoto thyroditis

Autoimmune disease and most common case of hypothyroidism

Hashimoto thyroiditis is also known as

Chronic autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis

What happens to the thyroid of a person with Hashimoto thyroiditis

Thyroid becomes inflamed and produces less hormones. And to compensate for that the pituitary gland releases more TSH with makes the thyroid enlarged

What are the clinical findings of Hashimoto thyroiditis

Asymptomatic at first Pallor, eye puffiness, peripheral edema, muscle weakness, menorrhagia, slow pulse, high cholesterol

End stage of Hashimoto disease may lead to ______ of the thyroid gland

Atrophy

What will the thyroid look like with Hashimoto disease

Diffusely heterogenous, mildly enlarged, increased vascularity, multiple hypoechoic regions separated by fibrous tissue

__% of adults have nodules in the thyroid

What are general characteristics of benign thyroid nodules

Cystic components Cyst less than 5mm Hyperechoic mass Eggshell calcifications Spongiform composition Wider than tall Hot nodule

Nodular hyperplasia is the most common cause of _______

Thyroid nodules

Describe colloid cysts

Hyperechoic focus will show with comet tail artifact

Hyperplastic nodules are also known as

Adenomatous nodules These are always multiple

Describe follicular adenomas

Small round may have surrounding halo Variying appearance

What is the most common form of thyroid cancer

Papillary carcinoma

What are some malignant characteristics of thyroid nodules

Hypoechoic Taller than wide Internal calcifications Solitary Central vascularity Enlargement of cervical lymph nodes Cold nodule

Describe the TI-RADS system

Thyroid imaging reporting and data system Used to evaluate the characteristics that make a nodule suspichus or benign

What are the 5 ultrasound features evaluated with TI-RADS

Composition Echogenicity Shape Margin Punctate echogenic foci

Nuclear medicine utilizes what technology to classify nodules as either hyper or hypofunctioning

Scintigraphy

Hot nodules are _____functioning

Hyperfunctioning (benign)

Cold nodules are ______ functioning

Hypofunctioning (malignant)

How many pairs of parathyroid glands are there

What are the measurements of a normal parathyroid gland

5x3x1 mm

What is the function of parathyroid glands

Controls the release and absorption of calcium by producing parathyroid hormone

Hypercalcemia will cause hyper_____

Hyperparathyroidsm

What is the most common cause of parathyroid enlargement

Parathyroid adenoma

What are clinical findings related to parathyroid adenoma

Elevated serum calcium levels And parathyroidism

What does a parathyroid adenoma look like

Solid mass that will most likely by hypoechoic to thyroid

What would an abnormal lymph node look like

Enlarged (greater than 1cm) and more rounded in shape with calcifications and no hilum

What is lymphadenopathy

Metastatic disease to the lymph nodes, especially from like the thyroid

What are thyroglossal duct cysts

Benign congenital cysts located within midline of the neck superior to thyroid gland Asymptomatic

What do thyroglossal duct cysts look like

Anechoic, well defined unilocular cyst

What are branchial cleft cysts

Congenital neck cysts resulting from al development Found near the angle of the mandible Branchial cleft fistula might occur

What is a fibromatosis Colli

Rare pediatric fibrous tumor located within sternocleidomastoid muscle Unknown cause

Fibromatosis will lead to muscle shortening resulting in twisting of the chin towards the non affected side this is called

Torticollis

With fibromatosis Colli, what will the sternocleidomastoid muscle look like

Fuisiform como un aneurism que se yo

What is a lymphangioma

Neck mass typically found in posterior neck in utero or neonatal period Consist of buildup of lymphatic fluid

A lymphangioma is also called

Cystic hygroma

What does a lymphangioma look like and what symptoms

Thin walled hypoechoic or anechoic septated mass Asymptomatic, can cause pain if hemorrhage is present

What is the gold standard for thyroid imaging

Ultrasound