Chapter 12: Face And Neck Flashcards
What are the three groups of salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
What are the largest type of salivary glands
Parotid glands
Do you know the location for the parotid glands
Yes. Alante de las orejas por ahí
Anterior to mastoid process and sternlcleidomastoid muscles
What is the main duct of the parotid salivary glands
Stensen duct
What is the main duct of the submandibular glands
Wharton duct
When scanning salivary glands, what should you keep in mind in regards to sides
Scan both sides, most diseases impact both sides
Salivary glands are ______echoic to adjacent muscles
Hyperechoic
What does the Word part sial(o) means
Saliva
What shape are submandibular glands
Triangular
What shape are sublingual glands
Round
What shape are parotid glands
Ovaladas
What is the pathology Ranula
Mucus retention cyst in the floor of the mouth arising from obstructed sublingual or minor salivary duct
Well defined homogenous hypoechoic or anechoic mass
Can look complex if infected
What is Sjögren syndrome
Autoimmune disease that affects all glands that produce moisture
Heterogenous hyperemic enlarged with diffuse hypoechoic regions
What is sialadenitis
Inflammation of salivary glands
Heterogenous, hyperechoic and enlarged with diffuse hypoechoic regions
What is sialolithiasis
Salivary duct stones
Most common in submandibular
Dilated duct with stone
What is pleomorphic adenoma
Benign and MOST FREQUENT tumor of salivary glands
Commonly seen in parotid glands
Hypoechoic mass
What is mucoepidermoid carcinoma
MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY of the salivary glands
Starts at the parotid gland
Hypoechoic or heterogenous mass with moderate vascularity
What is hyperthyroidism vs hypothyroidism
Too many hormones, too little hormones
What is the “pyramidal lobe” thyroid variation
Superior extension of the isthmus
The thyroid consists of multiple follicles that contain a fluid called _____ that is composed of proteins and thyroid hormones
Colloid
The thyroid uses _______ to produce its hormones
Iodine
What are the three hormones of the thyroid
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin
What is the most abundant thyroid hormone and what is its function
Thyroxine (T4)
Aids in the metabolism of fats, proteins and carbs
What is the function of Calcitonin
Removing calcium from the blood and store it in the bones
What is the function of triiodothyronine (T3)
Aids in the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbs
What is the first branch of the ECA
Superior thyroid artery
The Rt love of the thyroid is usually _____ than the left
Larger
The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the ______ trunk, which arises from the subclavian artery
Thyrocervical
The isthmus should measure
2-6 mm AP
What should be the length of a lobe of the thyroid
4-6cm
What is the width and thickness of a thyroid lobe
Width 2-3cm
Thickness 1-2cm
Elastography that show tumors that are soft, usually means they are
Benign
Describe Goiter disease
Enlarged or hyperplastic thyroid gland
Caused by iodine deficiency, Graves disease, or thyroiditis
What are the clinical findings of Goiter
Palpable and often visually enlarged thyroid
Throat tightness
Dysphagia
Dyspnea
Coughing
Hoarse voice
With Goiter, the isthmus of the thyroid will measure more than
1cm AP
Describe multinodular or adenomatous goiter
Enlarged thyroid gland with multiple nodules with cystic and solid components
Describe Graves disease
Most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Thyroid will look diffusely heterogeneous or hypoechoic
Graves’ disease is also called
Diffuse toxic goiter
What is the thyroid inferno sign
Hypervascularity in the thyroid
What are some clinical findings of hyperthyroidism
Bulging eyes
Heat intolerance
Nervousness
Weight loss with increased appetite
Tachycardia
Oligomenorrhea
What is Hashimoto thyroditis
Autoimmune disease and most common case of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto thyroiditis is also known as
Chronic autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis
What happens to the thyroid of a person with Hashimoto thyroiditis
Thyroid becomes inflamed and produces less hormones. And to compensate for that the pituitary gland releases more TSH with makes the thyroid enlarged
What are the clinical findings of Hashimoto thyroiditis
Asymptomatic at first
Pallor, eye puffiness, peripheral edema, muscle weakness, menorrhagia, slow pulse, high cholesterol
End stage of Hashimoto disease may lead to ______ of the thyroid gland
Atrophy
What will the thyroid look like with Hashimoto disease
Diffusely heterogenous, mildly enlarged, increased vascularity, multiple hypoechoic regions separated by fibrous tissue
__% of adults have nodules in the thyroid
68
What are general characteristics of benign thyroid nodules
Cystic components
Cyst less than 5mm
Hyperechoic mass
Eggshell calcifications
Spongiform composition
Wider than tall
Hot nodule
Nodular hyperplasia is the most common cause of _______
Thyroid nodules
Describe colloid cysts
Hyperechoic focus will show with comet tail artifact
Hyperplastic nodules are also known as
Adenomatous nodules
These are always multiple
Describe follicular adenomas
Small round may have surrounding halo
Variying appearance
What is the most common form of thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
What are some malignant characteristics of thyroid nodules
Hypoechoic
Taller than wide
Internal calcifications
Solitary
Central vascularity
Enlargement of cervical lymph nodes
Cold nodule
Describe the TI-RADS system
Thyroid imaging reporting and data system
Used to evaluate the characteristics that make a nodule suspichus or benign
What are the 5 ultrasound features evaluated with TI-RADS
Composition
Echogenicity
Shape
Margin
Punctate echogenic foci
Nuclear medicine utilizes what technology to classify nodules as either hyper or hypofunctioning
Scintigraphy
Hot nodules are _____functioning
Hyperfunctioning (benign)
Cold nodules are ______ functioning
Hypofunctioning (malignant)
How many pairs of parathyroid glands are there
2
What are the measurements of a normal parathyroid gland
5x3x1 mm
What is the function of parathyroid glands
Controls the release and absorption of calcium by producing parathyroid hormone
Hypercalcemia will cause hyper_____
Hyperparathyroidsm
What is the most common cause of parathyroid enlargement
Parathyroid adenoma
What are clinical findings related to parathyroid adenoma
Elevated serum calcium levels
And parathyroidism
What does a parathyroid adenoma look like
Solid mass that will most likely by hypoechoic to thyroid
What would an abnormal lymph node look like
Enlarged (greater than 1cm) and more rounded in shape with calcifications and no hilum
What is lymphadenopathy
Metastatic disease to the lymph nodes, especially from like the thyroid
What are thyroglossal duct cysts
Benign congenital cysts located within midline of the neck superior to thyroid gland
Asymptomatic
What do thyroglossal duct cysts look like
Anechoic, well defined unilocular cyst
What are branchial cleft cysts
Congenital neck cysts resulting from al development
Found near the angle of the mandible
Branchial cleft fistula might occur
What is a fibromatosis Colli
Rare pediatric fibrous tumor located within sternocleidomastoid muscle
Unknown cause
Fibromatosis will lead to muscle shortening resulting in twisting of the chin towards the non affected side this is called
Torticollis
With fibromatosis Colli, what will the sternocleidomastoid muscle look like
Fuisiform como un aneurism que se yo
What is a lymphangioma
Neck mass typically found in posterior neck in utero or neonatal period
Consist of buildup of lymphatic fluid
A lymphangioma is also called
Cystic hygroma
What does a lymphangioma look like and what symptoms
Thin walled hypoechoic or anechoic septated mass
Asymptomatic, can cause pain if hemorrhage is present
What is the gold standard for thyroid imaging
Ultrasound
