Chapter 8 Flashcards
Terrorist organizations plan activities that will have an emotional effect on the target population.
target population
New tactics such as cyber terrorism and agroterrorism present threats to computer/network security and food supplies.
cyber terrorism and agroterrorism
A biological toxin made from castor beans.
Ricin
An explosive that can be made from common household products without expensive laboratory equipment.
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP)
Biological agricultural threats that have natural reservoirs in nature.
Foot and mouth disease
Radiological materials - Materials can be stolen and or acquired from variety of accessible medical and construction sources.
Radiological materials
Toxic industrial chemicals - Chemicals are available in every jurisdiction.
Toxic industrial chemicals
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) - Is typically a white crystalline powder with a distinctive acrid smell and can range in color from a yellowish to white color.
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP)
explosives are more commonly used than other WMDs.
explosives
The majority of terrorist attacks involves the use of explosive materials and incendiary devices, and typically considered conventional attacks.
conventional attacks.
Car and truck bombs can do greater damage than accidental gas explosions. Indicators include shattered reinforced concrete and bent structural steel.
gas explosions
An explosion results when a material undergoes a physical or chemical reaction that releases rapidly expanding gases.
expanding gases
The shock front leads the positive pressure wave, striking anything in its path with a hammering force.
shock front
The positive pressure wave continues outwards in an expanding radius until its energy diminishes.
positive pressure wave
Structures damaged in the initial blast can be further damaged in the negative pressure phase.
negative pressure phase
An explosions negative pressure phase lasts about three times longer than the positive pressure phase.
three times
The shock wave may travel through the ground, creating a seismic disturbance.
seismic disturbance
The explosion may release thermal heat energy in the form of a fireball.
fireball
The quantity and type of explosives determine the size of an explosion.
quantity and type
Most commonly, explosives are categorized by chemical reaction or rate of decomposition.
rate of decomposition
Only division 1.1 and division 1.4 are used in explosive attacks.
1.4
High explosives placard 1.1 decompose rapidly in a detonation that can include velocities faster than the speed of sound.
High explosives
placard 1.1
Detonation - Explosion with an energy front that travels faster than the speed of sound.
Detonation
Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) - High explosive blasting agent made of common fertilizer mixed with diesel fuel or oil: requires a booster to initiate detonation.
Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO)
Black powder and TNT are examples of low and high explosives.
Black powder
Low explosive (1.4) materials decompose rapidly but do not produce an explosive effect unless they are confined. Commonly used as propellants
Low explosive (1.4) they deflagrate
Primary explosives - Easily initiated and highly sensitive to heat and usually used as detonators.
Primary explosives
Secondary explosives - Designed to detonate only under specific circumstances usually by activation energy from a primary explosive.
Secondary explosives
Tertiary explosives (blasting agents) - Insensitive materials based on ammonium nitrate, they usually require initiation from a secondary explosive.
Tertiary explosives (blasting agents)
Deflagrate - To explode at a rate of speed slower than the speed of sound.
Deflagrate
Detonator - Device used to trigger less sensitive explosives, usually composed of a primary explosive.
Detonator
Responders typically stage 300 meters away form a suspected explosive material incident.
300
Improvised explosives materials are typically made by combining an oxidizer with a fuel.
Improvised
Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) - Peroxide based white powder high explosive organic compound that can be manufactured using nonspecialized equipment.
Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD)
Peroxide based explosives labs may have quantities of acetone and hydrogen peroxide.
acetone
Improvised explosive devices may contain chlorate based oxidizers.
chlorate
Chlorate based oxidizers commonly take the form of a white crystal or powder that must be mixed with a fuel source.
fuel source
pipe bomb - The most common type of IED found in the U.S.
pipe bomb
All pipe bombs can be sensitive to shock or friction.
friction
A chemical attack is the deliberate release of a toxic gas, liquid, or solid that can poison people and the environment.
chemical attack
Chemical agents are intended for use in warfare or terrorist activities to kill, seriously injure, or seriously incapacitate people through their physiological effects.
Chemical agents
Responders must complete a primary search when responding to a bombing incident.
primary search
Exposure to chemical agents may cause miosis.
miosis
Nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents.
Nerve agents
Stable, easily dispersed, and highly toxic, nerve agents have rapid effects when absorbed through the skin or respiratory system.
nerve agents
Although nerve agents are generally clear and colorless, colors and odors can vary with impurities.
impurities
Impure G agents may have a slight fruity odor.
G
Nerve agents are liquids at ambient temperatures and dispersed as an aerosolized liquid.
aerosolized liquid
Tabun - Usually low volatility, persistent chemical agent that is absorbed through skin contact or inhaled as a vapor.
Tabun
Sarin - Usually volatile, nonpersistent chemical agent that is mainly inhaled.
Sarin
soman - Usually moderately volatile chemical agent that can be inhaled or absorbed through skin contact.
soman
Cyclohexyl sarin - Low volatility persistent chemical agent that is absorbed through skin contact and inhaled as a vapor.
Cyclohexyl sarin
V-agent - Low volatility persistent chemical agent that can remain on material for long periods.
V-agent
G-series agent - Tend to be nonpersistent unless manufacturers thicken them with some other agent to increase their persistency.
G-series agent
GB is an easily volatile liquid that is primarily an inhalation hazard.
GB
Considering the low vapor pressures, nerve agent vapors will not travel far under normal conditions.
nerve agent vapors
Speed is the most important factor in medical management of individuals who have been exposed to nerve agents because of their extremely rapid effects.
Speed
Blister agents burn an blister the skin or any other part of the body they contact.
Blister agents
volatility - Ability of a substance to vaporize easily at a relatively low temp.
volatility
Antidote - Substance that counteracts the effects of a poison or toxin.
Antidote
Autoinjector - Spring loaded syringe filled with a single dose of a lifesaving drug.
Autoinjector
Blister agents are more likely to produce casualties than fatalities, although exposure to such agents can be fatal.
Blister agents
Blister agents are usually persistent and may be oily liquids ranging from colorless to pale yellow to dark brown, depending on purity.
persistent
Blood agents are chemical asphyxiants.
chemical asphyxiants
The most effective treatment for chemical agent exposure are autoinjectors containing antidotes.
antidotes.
Chemical asphyxiant - Substance that reacts to prevent the body from being able to use oxygen.
Chemical asphyxiant
Arsine gas is formed when arsenic comes into contact with an acid.
Arsine
Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless, highly volatile liquid that is extremely flammable, highly soluble, and stable in water.
Hydrogen cyanide
Cyanogen chloride is a colorless, highly volatile liquid that dissolves readily in organic solvents but is only slightly soluble in water.
Cyanogen chloride
Choking agents attack and cause tissue damage to the lungs.
Choking agents
Two of the most common choking agents are Chlorine and phosgene.
Chlorine and phosgene
Chlorine - Yellow green in color, is usually pressurized and cooled to a liquid state for storage and transport.
Chlorine
Phosgene - is a colorless, nonflammable gas that has the odor of freshly cut hay.
Phosgene
All riot agents are solids and require dispersion as aerosolized particles, usually released by pyrotechnics or a propelled spray with the particles suspended in a liquid.
riot agents
Incapacitant - Produces a temporary disabling condition that persists for hours to days after exposure has occurred.
Incapacitant
Vomiting agent - Causes violent, uncontrollable sneezing, coughing, nausea, vomiting, and a general feeling of bodily discomfort.
Vomiting agent
A toxic industrial material is an industrial chemical that is toxic at a certain concentration and is produced in quantities exceeding 30 tons per year at one production facility.
30
The primary operational objective at a chemical attack is to do the greatest good for the greatest number.
chemical attack
Biological agent - Viruses, bacteria, or their toxins which are harmful to people, animals, or crops.
Biological agent
Antibiotic - Antimicrobial agent made from a mold or a bacterium that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.
Antibiotic
Weaponized anthrax is a more dangerous inhalation hazard.
anthrax
If a biological attack is suspected, first responders should immediately notify their local health care agency.
biological attack
When developing a biological weapon, the method of transmission is an important consideration.
transmission
Vector - An animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host.
Vector
An Infectious disease is one that is caused by a microorganism with the potential to transfer to another person.
Infectious disease
An attack with a contagious agent, such as smallpox or SARS, has the potential to become an epidemic.
contagious agent
Bioterrorism incidents will most likely cross jurisdictional boundaries.
jurisdictional
In the event of an overt attack or incident, responders should focus on isolation and containment of the biological agent to prevent the spread of pathogens and toxins.
pathogens and toxins
Overt attacks could include white powder incidents, discovery of a suspected biologic lab, or witnessed use of spray devices.
Overt attacks
Responders should use common infection control procedures to protect themselves from biological agents.
infection control procedures
If possible, keep individuals who have been exposed to biological agents from leaving the scene until a thorough risk assessment has been conducted and appropriate measures taken.
risk assessment
Radiological attacks utilize weapons that release radiological materials, most likely in the form of dust or powder.
dust or powder.
Radiological devises are sometimes referred to as dirty bombs because the contamination they spread could ruin property, crops, and livestock and cause large areas to become unusable.
dirty bombs
Radiation exposure device - Powerful gamma emitting radiation source used as a weapon.
Radiation exposure device.
An RDD is intended to disperse radioactive material over a large area, but an RDD is incapable of producing a nuclear yield.
nuclear yield
The ERG provides response information for general radiological incidents involving low to high levels of radiation in Guide No. 163 nuclear yield. Radiological materials fall under UN/DOT class 7.
163, 7
