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Hazmat > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Exposure limits refer to values expressing the maximum dose or concentration to which individuals should be exposed given a specific time frame.

A

Exposure limits

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2
Q

Milligrams per cubic meter - Expresses concentrations of dusts, gases, or mists in air.

A

Milligrams per cubic meter

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3
Q

Grams per kilogram - Denotes grams of a substance dosed per kilogram of animal body weight.

A

Grams per kilogram

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4
Q

Exposure limit - Maximum length of time an individual can be exposed to an airborne substance before injury, illness, or death occurs.

A

Exposure limit

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5
Q

Concentration - Quantity of a material in relation to a larger volume of gas or liquid.

A

Concentration

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6
Q

Milligrams per kilogram - Toxicological dose that denotes milligrams of a substance dosed per kilogram of animal body weight.

A

Milligrams per kilogram

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7
Q

Micrograms of material per liter of air - Describes concentrations of chemicals in air.

A

Micrograms of material per liter of air

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8
Q

Milligrams per liter - Expresses concentrations of chemicals in water

A

Milligrams per liter

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9
Q

Parts per milion - May describe the concentration of a gas or vapor in air or the concentration of a specific material in a liquid or solid.

A

Parts per milion

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10
Q

Threshold limit value - Concentration that can be tolerated during 8 hour workdays.

A

Threshold limit value

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11
Q

Short-term exposure limit - Concentration that can be tolerated for 15 minutes at a time, provided an appropriate interval between exposures.

A

Short-term exposure limit

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12
Q

Threshold limit value ceiling - Concentration that should not be exceeded during 8 hour workdays.

A

Threshold limit value ceiling

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13
Q

Permissible exposure limit - Concentration at which most people are not adversely affected.

A

Permissible exposure limit

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14
Q

The knowledge, skills and ability of the individual using the instrument determine the effectiveness of that instrument.

A

effectiveness

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15
Q

Instrument response time - Elapsed time between the movement of an air sample into a monitoring device and the reading provided to the user.

A

Instrument response time

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16
Q

In order to accurately assess the environment, consider instrument response time.

A

instrument response time

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17
Q

At WMD or criminal incidents, personnel who conduct sampling activities must follow evidence preservation and chain of custody procedures.

A

evidence preservation

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18
Q

Regardless of the mission, hazardous materials incidents will always require size up and risk assessment.

A

risk assessment.

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19
Q

In the U.S., OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120(q) requires detection and monitoring before entry into potentially hazardous atmospheres.

A

1910.120(q)

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20
Q

Responders may consult resources to understand the hazards and properties of the materials involved and to develop an appropriate risk based response.

A

risk based response

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21
Q

When dealing with unknown materials, take an analytic approach in attempting to identify and characterize the hazards present.

A

analytic approach

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22
Q

Detection devices do not provide accurate readings if used in an oxygen deficient atmosphere

A

oxygen deficient

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23
Q

Understand the limitations of the instruments and detection devices. Follow manufacturers instructions for calibration and usage.

A

calibration

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24
Q

Action levels can be defined as a response to known or unknown chemicals or products that will trigger some action.

A

Action levels

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25
Q

Responders at a hazmat incidents involving hazardous solids will typically be sufficiently protected when using firefighter protective equipment with SCBA or level C PPE for monitoring and sampling activities.

A

C

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26
Q

Action levels trigger specific actions such as donning SCBA or evacuating the area.

A

Action

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27
Q

Ensure usability before selecting devices.

A

usability

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28
Q

Field tests may include calibration tests and zeroing

A

Field tests

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29
Q

The cost of the instrument does not determine its effectiveness.

A

cost

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30
Q

To determine the appropriate risk based response for identifying hazards in the field, responders should follow the sop of the AHJ.

A

risk based response

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31
Q

The primary equipment used to detect and measure corrosivity are pH meters and pH paper.

A

pH

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32
Q

the concentration of hydronium or hydroxide ions in a solution determines the solution’s pH.

A

hydronium or hydroxide

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33
Q

Acidic substances have excess hydronium ions and pH less than 7.

A

Acidic

34
Q

Basic substances have excess hydroxide ions and a pH greater than 7.

A

Basic

35
Q

As pH levels increase above 7, compounds become more alkaline.

A

alkaline

36
Q

As pH levels decrease below 7, compounds become increasingly acidic.

A

acidic

37
Q

Hydronium - Water molecule with an extra hydrogen ion.

A

Hydronium

38
Q

Hydroxide - Water molecule missing a hydrogen ion.

A

Hydroxide

39
Q

Acidic an basic solutions usually consist of chemicals dissolved in water.

A

water

40
Q

The ration of the amount of chemical to the amount of water determines the solutions concentration.

A

concentration

41
Q

Generally, the higher concentration, the more damage the acid or base will do relative to itself.

A

relative to itself

42
Q

Although they have similar pH, sodium hydroxide will be far more caustic than sodium bicarbonate because it releases more hydroxide ions in solution.

A

caustic

43
Q

pH paper is designed to change color when it comes into contact with corrosive materials.

A

corrosive materials

44
Q

A pH of 1 is 1,000,000 times more acidic than a pH of 7 while a pH of 13 is 1,000,000 times more alkanline.

A

1,000,000

45
Q

Many hydrocarbons may appear to give a reading between 4-6, but this is not a true measure of corrosivity.

A

4-6

46
Q

Of all the chemical elements, Fluorine is the most reactive.

A

Fluorine

47
Q

In the presence of fluorides, the pinkish red paper turns yellowish white.

A

yellowish white

48
Q

Organic peroxides can initiate explosive polymerization in certain materials, and they are components of improvised explosives such as triacetone triperoxide and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine.

A

Organic peroxides

49
Q

Potassium iodide starch paper can be used to test peroxides and or potential explosives.

A

Potassium iodide

50
Q

Normal air contains 20.9% oxygen, 78.1% nitrogen and 1% other gases.

A

nitrogen

51
Q

Because a contaminant will displace air proportionally, a one percent drop in oxygen is equivalent to 50,000 ppm of something else in the air.

A

50,000

52
Q

Oxygen sensors should be zeroed in clean air at the elevation of the incident.

A

zeroed

53
Q

Large amounts of radiation exposure are usually expressed in a unit called Roentgen equivalent in man, smaller amount of radiation exposure may be described in millirem.

A

Roentgen equivalent in man

54
Q

Roentgen - Only measure exposure to gamma and X-ray radiation.

A

Roentgen

55
Q

Radiation absorbed dose - Express the amount of radiation energy absorbed by a material.

A

Radiation absorbed dose

56
Q

Roentgen equivalent in man - Express the absorbed dose equivalence as pertaining to a human body.

A

Roentgen equivalent in man

57
Q

For gamma and X-ray radiation, apply the following common conversion factor among exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent: 1 R = 1 rad = 1 rem

A

1 R = 1 rad = 1 rem

58
Q

The SI unit used to measure absorbed dose is called gray whereas the unit for dose equivalence is sievert.

A

gray, sievert

59
Q

Millirem - One thousandth of one rem.

A

Millirem

60
Q

roentgen - used to measure radiation exposure; applied only to gamma and X-ray radiation.

A

roentgen

61
Q

radiation absorbed dose - unit used to measure the amount of radiation energy absorbed by a material.

A

radiation absorbed dose

62
Q

Sievert - measurement for low levels of ionizing radiation and their health effect in humans

A

Sievert

63
Q

Gray - ionizing radiation dose, defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per one kilogram of matter.

A

Gray

64
Q

The two general categories of detectors are gas filled detectors and scintillation detectors.

A

scintillation

65
Q

Ion chambers often use ambient air as the detection gas, which can cause them to be affected by temp and humidity.

A

temp and humidity

66
Q

GM tubes with sealed metal body are better suited for measuring penetrating gamma radiation that can be an external exposure hazard.

A

gamma

67
Q

The crystal in a scintillation detector will produce a small flash of light when interacting with radiation.

A

flash of light

68
Q

Dosimetry devices help wearers keep track of their total accumulated radiation dose.

A

Dosimetry

69
Q

Toxic compounds produce an effect primarily as a function of the dose and the concentration of the compound.

A

concentration

70
Q

This principle, termed the dose response relationship, is a key concept in toxicology.

A

dose response relationship

71
Q

The severity of the toxic effect also depends on the duration of exposure, a factor that influences the dose of the compound in the body.

A

duration of exposure

72
Q

toxicity is also a factor of exposure over time.

A

toxicity

73
Q

An exposure to 200 ppm of a toxin over the course of 10 minutes will have more exaggerated effects than a cumulative exposure to 200 ppm of a toxin over the course of 48 hours.

A

48

74
Q

Dose response relationship - Comparison of changes within an organism per amount, intensity, or duration of exposure to a stressor over time.

A

Dose response relationship

75
Q

Solvent - A substance that dissolves another substance resulting in a third substance.

A

Solvent

76
Q

As a chemical dose increases, the toxic response increases.

A

toxic response

77
Q

Poisons and the measurements of their toxicity are often expressed, on safety data sheets, in terms of lethal dose for amounts ingested and lethal concentration for amounts inhaled.

A

lethal dose, lethal concentration

78
Q

A typical four gas monitor will detect LEL, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide.

A

hydrogen sulfide

79
Q

Ionization potential - Energy required to free an electron from its atom or molecule.

A

Ionization potential

80
Q

Detection of ionization may require several steps, and some materials may require the use of correction factors.

A

correction factors

Hazmat (15 decks)

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