Chapter 5 Flashcards
The first step in mitigating or solving any hazmat incident is understanding the problem within the framework of incident priorities, ims, and predetermined procedures.
predetermined procedures
Skillful incident commanders synthesize information quickly in order to form a clear picture of the incident.
synthesize
Ongoing evaluation of influential factors at the scene of an incident.
Size-up
Model used to describe how hazardous materials are accidentally released from their containers and how they behave after the release.
General emergency behavior model
Stress - The container undergoes physical, thermal, or other types of damage that reduces its ability to function and leads to breach or failure.
Stress
Breach - The container becomes open to the environment.
Breach
Release - When a container breaches or fails, contents, stored energy, and pieces of the container may be expelled into the environment.
Release
Dispersion/engulf - This occurs as the hazardous material inside the container and any stored energy release and move away from the container.
Dispersion/engulf
Patterns of dispersion are influenced by chemistry, physics, environment factors, and the chemical and physical characteristics of the product.
physics
Exposure/contact - Anything that is in the area of the release is exposed to the hazardous material.
Exposure/contact
Depending on the container, hazardous material, and energy involved, exposures may result in harm or damage.
Harm
Container stress is caused by thermal energy, chemical energy, and mechanical energy.
mechanical energy
Thermal stress may increase internal pressure and reduce container shell integrity, resulting in sudden failure.
Thermal stress
The appearance of frost is an indicator that a container is under thermal stress.
frost
Uncontrolled reactions/interactions of the container and its contents.
Chemical energy
Physical application of energy could result in container, attachment damage.
Mechanical energy
Chemical reactions may cause a container to bulge, which is a sign of significant stress.
bulge
Mechanical energy can crush or damage a container.
crush
The material’s state of matter will affect the stress experienced by containers.
state of matter
Most solids containers will be damaged via mechanical stressors rather than the physical properties of the materials contained in them.
mechanical stressors
Limits of recovery - A containers design strength or ability to hold contents at pressure.
Limits of recovery
When a container is stressed beyond its Limits of recovery, it opens or breaches and releases its contents.
Limits of recovery
Breach - To make an opening in a structural obstacle without compromising the overall integrity of the wall to allow access into or out of a structure for rescue.
breach
Detonation - Instantaneous and explosive release of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material.
Detonation
Violent rupture - Immediate release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by runaway cracks.
Violent rupture
Rapid relief - Fast release of a pressurized hazardous material through properly operating safety devices.
Rapid relief
Spill/leak - Slow release of a hazardous material under atmospheric or head pressure through holes, rips, tears, or usual openings/attachments.
Spill/leak
Head pressure - Pressure exerted by a stationary column of water, directly proportional to the height of the column.
Head pressure
The dispersion of material is sometimes referred to as engulfment.
engulfment
rapid relief occurs when pressurized hazmat is released through properly operating safety devices.
rapid relief
When evaluating release potential, remember the total amount of product in the container.
release potential
Engulfment occurs when a product disperses, forming a danger zone.
danger zone
Hemispheric release - Semicircular or dome shaped pattern of airborne hazardous material that is still partially in contact with the ground or water.
Hemispheric release
Cloud - Ball shaped pattern of an airborne hazardous material where the material has collectively risen above the ground or water.
Cloud
Plume - Irregularly shaped pattern of an airborne hazardous material where wind and/or topography influence the downrange course from the point of release.
Plume
A hemispheric release generally results from a rapid release of energy.
hemispheric release
Solid cloud cover can reflect the detonation shock wave, increasing the explosion impact.
shock wave
Dispersion of a plume is affected by vapor density and terrain, as well as wind speed and direction.
vapor density, terrain
Cone - Triangular shaped pattern of an airborne hazardous material release with a point source at the breach and wide base downrange.
Cone
stream - Surface following pattern of liquid hazardous material that is affected by gravity and topographical contours.
stream
Pool - Three dimensional slow flowing liquid dispersion.
Pool
In the event of a release, facility pre-incident surveys may contain plume dispersion models to help estimate the size of an endangered area.
plume dispersion models
Irregular dispersion results from indiscriminate deposit of a hazardous material such as that caused by contaminated vehicles or responders.
Irregular dispersion
Harm is defined as injury or damage caused by exposure to a hazardous material.
Harm
Per NFPA definitions, low pressure storage tanks have operating pressures from 0.5 to 15 psi.
15 psi
Pressure vessels have pressures of 15 psi or greater.
Pressure vessels
Cryogenic cylinders are insulated by a vacuum between an inner vessel and an outer shell.
Cryogenic cylinders
Venting is a function of some cryogenic containers and and may not indicate a system failure.
Venting
Released cryogens quickly boil into gas.
gas
Most solids-holding containers will be damaged via mechanical stressors rather than the physical properties of the materials contained in them.
mechanical stressors
Solids typically release as a spill.
spill
horizontal pressure vessel - Have high pressures and capacities from 500 to over 40,000 gallons.
horizontal pressure vessel
Spherical pressure vessel - Have high pressures and capacities up to 600,000 gallons. Often supported off the ground by a series of concrete or steel legs.
Spherical pressure vessel
Pressure containers release their products during rapid relief events, slow leaks from valves and fittings, or violent ruptures.
violent ruptures
Most types of cryogenic leaks will displace oxygen.
oxygen
Oxygen cryogenic leaks on asphalt will make the asphalt shock sensitive.
shock sensitive
Low pressure storage tanks typically contain flammable and combustible liquids with low vapor pressures, such as solvents.
solvents
Dome roof tanks - Generally classified as low pressure tanks with operating pressures as high as 15 psi.
Dome roof tanks
Spheroid tank - Low pressure storage tanks. They can store 3,000,000 gallons.
Spheroid tank
The maximum pressure under which an atmospheric tank is capable of holding its contents is 0.5 psi.
0.5 psi
Treat interiors of bulk nonpressure/atmospheric storage tanks as confined spaces.
confined spaces
A properly designed and maintained storage tank will break along the shell to top seam, which is more likely to limit the fire to the damaged tank and prevent the contents from spilling.
shell to top seam
Atmospheric tanks used to store flammable and combustible liquids should be designed to fail along the shell to roof seam when an explosion occurs in the tank.
shell to roof seam
High pressure tank trucks are also known as MC-331.
MC-331
Bobtail tanks are used to deliver propane and other products.
Bobtail tanks
The initial evacuation distance for high pressure tank trucks involved in fire is one mile because they may bleve.
one mile
MC-307 - Low pressure chemical tank trucks
MC-307
MC-306 - Nonpressure cargo tank trucks
MC-306
Corrosive liquid tank trucks are known as MC-312.
MC-312
Maximum allowable working pressure - A percentage of a container’s test pressure.
Maximum allowable working pressure
Releases from corrosive liquid tank trucks may involve spilled/leaking liquids and vapors/fumes. Rarely these tank trucks can rupture violently due to Chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions
Compressed gas tube trailer cylinder valves are protected in a boxlike housing. Valves are manifolded together.
boxlike housing
Tank cars carry the bulk of the hazardous materials transported by Rail.
Rail
Pressure tank cars typically transport flammable, nonflammable, and poisonous gases at pressures greater than 25 psi at 68*F.
Pressure tank cars
Per the ERG, the initial isolation zone for a pressure tank car involved in fire is one mile.
one mile
Per the ERG, the initial isolation zone for a cryogenic liquid tank car is 1/2 mile.
1/2 mile
Low pressure tank cars transport hazardous and nonhazardous solids and liquids with vapor pressures below 25 psi at 105F to 115F.
25 psi
Tank test pressures for low pressure tank cars are 60 to 100 psi.
60 and 100psi
Flammable liquid trains are called High hazard flammable trains. 20 or more tank cars.
High hazard flammable trains
Dedicated tank cars may have the name of that material painted on the car.
Dedicated tank cars
The Capacity Stencil shows the volume of the tank car tank.
Capacity Stencil
Specification markings will be on the opposite end of the tank from the reporting marks.
Specification markings
Intermodal container - Freight containers designed and constructed to be used interchangeably in two or more modes of transport.
Intermodal container
Pressure intermodal tank container is a Spec. 51, internationally know as IMO type 5.
Spec. 51, 5
IMO type 7 intermodals transport cryogenic materials.
7
Ton containers are pressure tanks that have capacities of 1 short ton or approximately 2,000 pounds.
2,000 pounds
Ton containers may have pressure relief devices or fusible plugs in case of fire or exposure to elevated temps.
fusible plugs
Ton containers have one valve connected to the vapor space and one valve connected to the liquid space.
Ton
Structural FF gear does not provide adequate protection against the hazardous materials commonly stored in Ton containers.
Ton containers
A typical Y ton container will have a specification such as DOT/TC 3AA-2400 or DOT/TC 3AA-480.
Y
Expected packagings are only used to transport materials with low levels of radioactivity that present no risk to the public or environment.
Expected packagings
Industrial packages contain materials that present a limited hazard to the public and the environment.
Industrial packages
Type A - This container design protects its contents and maintains sufficient shielding under conditions normally encountered during transportation.
Type A
Type B - These packages must not only demonstrate their ability to withstand tests simulating normal shipping conditions, but they must also withstand severe accident conditions without releasing their contents.
Type B
Type C - These are rare packages used for high activity materials transported by aircraft.
Type C
According to PHMSA, as of the year 2015 there are over 2.5 million miles of pipelines in North America.
2.5 million
A single pipeline may carry more than one type of product, separated by a pipeline pig.
pipeline pig
Emergency responders can view the transmission pipelines in their area via the National pipeline mapping system, available online.
National pipeline mapping system
Establishing good communication and cooperation with pipeline operators before an emergency occurs is an important element of emergency response preparedness.
communication, cooperation
General considerations for responding to a pipeline emergency are provided on pages 23-25 of the 2016 ERG.
23-25
Per the U.S. DOT, an intermediate bulk container is either rigid or flexible portable packaging designed for mechanical handling.
mechanical handling
IBCs are divided into two types: flexible IBC, rigid IBC
flexible IBC, rigid IBC
A common sized supersack can carry the equivalent of four to five 55 gallon drums.
55 gallon
