Chapter 8

Question 1

equality, equity and inclusion

Answer 1

equality refers to “sameness” and treating everyone alike, regardless of conditions
equity refers to treating people fairly and may require unequal treatment of some people to create a fair playing field
inclusion goes beyond and equality and equity and involves a culture od respect, tolerence, welcoming and beloning
eligibility rules alone do not create safe, inclusive, welcoming spaces

Question 2

experiences of radicalized minorities in sport

Answer 2

racial stereotyping
media bias towards white athletes
policing of social lives
limiting recuitment of black athletes to remian within an artifical quota
underrepersentation in professional sports, decreasing over time for athletes yet persisting among owners

Question 3

ethnic and racial relationships in canadian sport

Answer 3

resistance 1984 olympic games

preserving aboriginal games ex) inuit high kick

Question 4

the arctic winter games

Answer 4

biannually starting in yellowkinife in 1970 with athletes from NWT yukon, and alaska to complete, exchange and share culture
skills preformance and artistry now included with emphasis on survivual skills for the north
most recently in nuuk, greenland march 2016

Question 5

north american indigenous games

Answer 5

grew out of the rich physical activity tranditions of indigenous peoples and cultures 1st in edmonton 1990
advanced during the 1970’s by john fletcher

Question 6

homophobia and hetrosexism in sport

Answer 6

high performance sport has a history of hegemonic masculinity and femininity ideals that discriminated against athletes
in response, the gay games were created in 1982 to provide a safe space for competition, rejecting exclusion, and qualification
outgames created in 2006 in montreal after gay games administers reclined invitation for montreal host and gave to chicago

Question 7

ageism in sport

Answer 7

recognition that sport oppotunities decrease as people age and public programs need to include options for older adults
world masters games held since 1985 with first in toronto
age acts start at 27, qualification standards enforced

Question 8

UNESCO

Answer 8

international charter of physical education and sport (1978)

Question 9

what is psychology

Answer 9

the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those effecting behavior in a given context
the mental characteristics or attitude of a person or group

Question 10

personality

Answer 10

the pattern of characteristics thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distingushes one person from another and that presists over time and situations

Question 11

trait anxiety

Answer 11

personality charactistic that is relatively stable over time, predisposing the indivdual to be anxious across a wide variety of situations

Question 12

state anxiety

Answer 12

situation-specific anxiety
cognitive state anxiety- psychological component of state anxiety, caused by fear or failure or neg consequences
somatic- state anxiety: physical compoment of state anxiety, including perception of physiogical responses such as muscualr tension, increased heart rate

Question 13

interventions to lower conginitive state anxiety

Answer 13

progressive muscular relaxation (PMR)
-controlled breathing in peaceful surroundings, with the focus shifting from one muscle group to another
positive imagery
-with eyes closed, imagine preforming well in the preformance environment that is the source of anxiety
positive self-talk
-re assuring oneself with positive thoughts and statements (training oneself to think pos)

Question 14

motivation

Answer 14

the direction, energy, and intensity of behaviour

inspiration, euthusiaum, and will to win

Question 15

achievement motivation

Answer 15

the mcclelland atkinson model of achievement motivation (AM) captures this apporach-avoidance situation

Question 16

techniques for increasing self-efficacy

Answer 16

successful preformance
vicarious experience
verbal persuasion
emotional arousal

Question 17

casual attribution theory

Answer 17

people strive to explain events based upon their preceptions
locus of control: influence of the athletes
stability: changability over time and situation

Question 18

what is movement pedagogy

Answer 18

the method and practice of teaching movement (including physical activity, exercise, and sport)
includes intended outcomes
impacted by the historical evolution of physical education curriculum in canada
contributions both positively and neg to the perceived problem chikdhood inactivity and obesity

Question 19

the move to physical education

Answer 19

in 1889 physical training became compulsory

Question 20

physical education at the end of the 19th century

Answer 20

by 1891, only 45% of students were recieving the compulsory physical training instruction 
barriers:
poorply trained teachers
few or inadeqate facilities 
large class
absence of incentives for school boards 
yet by 1921, major growth:
400,000 students enrolled in spelling 
500,000 students enrolled in physical education

Question 21

the turn to child centered pedagogy

Answer 21

rapid expansion of schools in 1950 to accommodate baby boomers
shift from teacher-and subject centered to child-centered pedagogy
complusory requirements reduced

Question 22

the srathcona trust

Answer 22

to encourage phsycial and military training in the schools

Question 23

the struggle for public playgorunds

Answer 23

1907: 7 playgrounds created and equipped in winnnipeg
1914: playgrounds opened- many in school courtyards. many were eqipped with steel apparatus, steel baby swings, sand boxes and swings, and public baths