Chapter 10

Question 1

quantitative analysis

Answer 1

using high tech instrumentation
usually intended for researchers
measuring variables to optimize athletic preformance
foot forces on sprinters starting block (force platforms)
muscle contraction sequence during running (EMG)
3-D body segment movements during a high jump (motion capture)

Question 2

qualitative analysis

Answer 2

using sight and hearing
usually done by coaches and teacher
who typically do not have access to complex equipment or specialized knowledge
to identify and correct errors “observe, analyze and correct
requires framework and a set of principals

Question 3

kinematics

Answer 3

describing human motion without its focus 
focusing on motion spatial and timing characteristics
measurements:
position
displacement
velocity
acceleration
measured with respect to time 
linear or angular

Question 4

kinetics

Answer 4

describing forces leading to motion
internal forces:
-muscles pulling on bones 
-bone on bone, inside joints
external forces:
-acting on the body 
-without contact 
from contact with ground opponent or equipment

Question 5

models of human motion

Answer 5

understanding and observing human movements is complex
all body tissues undergo shape deformation - must make assumptions and qaulifications
most movements occur in three dimensions - but can simplify analysis based on our understanding of the movement
3 models simplify the study of human movement:
particle model
stick figure model
rigid body segment model

Question 6

particle model

Answer 6

dot represents center of mass
used when body or object is airborne and in flight
projectile motion

Question 7

stick figure model

Answer 7

body segments= sticks
used when body in contect with other objects
describe gross motor skills in 2-D

Question 8

rigid body segment model

Answer 8

body segments= irregular 3-D volume
used for sophisticated 3-D analysis
can include shape deformation of body segments

Question 9

mass

Answer 9

reluctance of an object to chnange state of linear motion

a measure of linear inertia

Question 10

moment of inertia

Answer 10

relectance of roatating bpdy to change state of angular motion
depends on mass and its ditrubtion around axis of rotation

Question 11

gravity

Answer 11

force of attraction betwen two bodies

newtons univeral law of gravitation

Question 12

mass is a measure of ? and is measured in

Answer 12

inertia and kg

Question 13

weight is a measure of ? and is measured in

Answer 13

force of gravity and newtons

Question 14

types of motion

Answer 14

linear motion translation
angular motion rotation
general motion

Question 15

linear motion

Answer 15

all body parts move same distance and direction at the same time

translation: linear motion of the whole body
ex) bobsled

Question 16

angular motion

Answer 16

body moves on a circular path and rotates about axis of rotation
body segments rotate about their joints
ex) twisting somersault

Question 17

general motion

Answer 17

body segments move lineraly and rotate at the same time
true for most ahtlete and every
ex)

Question 18

how do levers work

Answer 18

force is applied and if the turning effect if the force is greater than the resistance
then: roatation at the axis/fulcrum occurs
to determine turning effect, consider the length of force arm and resistance arm
when lever rotate around and axis/fuldrum:
movement of force or torque is produced
what movement of force occurs?
torque = force arm x force
therefor: the longer the force arm:
less force is needed
greater torque is produced

Question 19

types of levers

Answer 19

levers preform different functions
three basic types 
first class
second class
third class
differ based mechanics and how these compnetns are positioned 
-axis
-resistance
-force

Question 20

first class levers

Answer 20

applied force and resistance on opposite side of axis at un/equal distance from one another

ex) crow bar
human: head flexion

Question 21

second class levers

Answer 21

applied force and resistance on same side of axis; resistance closer to axis

ex) wheel barrow
human: rare: toe raise

Question 22

third class levers

Answer 22

applied force and ristsenace on same side os axis; closer to the axis

ex) fishing
human: many: forearm flextion

Question 23

surface drag

Answer 23

laminar flow: small, streamlined, smooth, slow-moving bodies
smooth, layered flow pattern with no disturbances
turbulent flow: most human activities
distured flow pattern that changes flow conditions

Question 24

magnus effect

Answer 24

a rotating body carries boundary kayer that interacts with surrounding air
boundary layer flow opposite to relative airflow
-air is slowed by friction
-zone of increased pressure created
bonadry layer same as realtive airflow
-air is not slowed down
-zone of decreased pressure created
net difference in pressure on opposite sides of roating obect = magnus force
found is ping pong, tennis, soccer, baseball