Chapter 7 Flashcards
what is ethics
practical reasoning
questions of good, right, duty and obligation, virtue
meta-ethics
specifying the parameters of ethical theories
research ethics
agreed upon guidelines for the responsible conduct of research
applied ethics
applying theories of ethics to practical problems
ethical decisions should be
1) universal
2) impartial/fair
3) possible
great traditions in ethics
- the utilitarian approach- bests conseqeunces
- the rights approach- intentions and respecting rights
- the fairness/justice approach- equal/equitable
- the common good approach- community
- the virtue approach- values
utilitarian approach
from john mill
“the greatest good for the greatest number”
based on perceived consequences
the ethical action is the one that causes the most good and does the least harm
rights approach
developed by immanuel kant
focus on our duties / intentions
“the ends do not justify the means”
the ethical action is the one that is consistent and respects autonomy
fairness/ justice approach
equality and equity
metaphor of veil of ignorance
ethical actions treat all human beings equally or if unequally, then fairly based on a defensible standard
common good approach
based on relationships and contributions to community life
upholding the social contract
ethical actions respects community relationships and treats people with compassion
virtue approach
4 ancient virtues: justice, wisdom, courage, self-control
a virtuous person will achieve eudaimonia
the right action is the one that the virtuous person would choose
ethical decision making
- recognizing an ethical issue
- gathering facts
- evaluating options
- making and testing a decision
- reflecting on outcomes
professional sport vs amateur sport
pro: privately owned, paid participants
amateur: managed by governing bodies, volunteer driven
impact of commercialization
structure of sport (rule changes) orientation of individuals in sport organizations that control sport "circuits of promotion" television cross marketing
the sport media nexus
the interdependant relationships between sport organizations, media companies, and corporate sponsors the nexus has played a powerful role in the commercialization of sport and fitness cultures
sport relies on the media
media has exacerbated the commercialization of sport
sport needs both the coverage/publicity afforded by the media as well as the money provided by braodcasting rights
2012 1.2 billion for us olympic rights (NBC) and 700 million elsewhere
one consequence: sport has been made to fit the interest of media
the commercial imperative
one purpose of media -especially for non-profit media- is to accumulate or aggrerate audiences, which can be sold to advertisers
impacts:
which sport receive media coverage
the ways in which this coverage occurs
addressing underconformity
a rejection of norms or lack of awareness of norms
uncomformity is usually not tolerated
athletes unwilling to obey norms are suaully disaplined by coaches
signficance of overcomforimity
uncritical accaptance of the rules
taking am adherwnce to the “sport ethicj” too far
norms that define the sport ethic
an athlete makes sacrifices for “the game”
an athlete strives for distinction
an athlete accepts risks and plays through pain
an athlete accepts no limits in the pursuits of possibilities
consequences of overconformity
often viewed as dedication, not as overconformity deviance
overconformity has ties to the sport-media nexus
structure and agency
agency- social class gender race and ethnicty structure- economy politics media
categories of social analysis- identites
ability age ethnicity gender race sexual orientation social class
social stratification and canadian high preformance athletes
gruneau and albinson 1976 -can winter games 1971 42% of althetes fathers came from highest occupational categories (national average 17%) beamish 1990 -national team athletes1986 67% of fathers came from high occ cats
gender norms and sterotypes
femininity: petite, graceful, elegance, pregnant, nurturing, high tolerence to pain, fashionable
masculinity: a man, muscles- strength, facial hair, tall, brave, powerful, protective
tucker center report and film 2014
40% of athletes are women 43% of US college scholoarships go to women 4% of media coverage 25% of ESPN's viewership is women 8% of network programming
