Chapter 7

Question 1

what is ethics

Answer 1

practical reasoning

questions of good, right, duty and obligation, virtue

Question 2

meta-ethics

Answer 2

specifying the parameters of ethical theories

Question 3

research ethics

Answer 3

agreed upon guidelines for the responsible conduct of research

Question 4

applied ethics

Answer 4

applying theories of ethics to practical problems

Question 5

ethical decisions should be

Answer 5

1) universal
2) impartial/fair
3) possible

Question 6

great traditions in ethics

Answer 6

1. the utilitarian approach- bests conseqeunces
2. the rights approach- intentions and respecting rights
3. the fairness/justice approach- equal/equitable
4. the common good approach- community
5. the virtue approach- values

Question 7

utilitarian approach

Answer 7

from john mill
“the greatest good for the greatest number”
based on perceived consequences
the ethical action is the one that causes the most good and does the least harm

Question 8

rights approach

Answer 8

developed by immanuel kant
focus on our duties / intentions
“the ends do not justify the means”
the ethical action is the one that is consistent and respects autonomy

Question 9

fairness/ justice approach

Answer 9

equality and equity
metaphor of veil of ignorance
ethical actions treat all human beings equally or if unequally, then fairly based on a defensible standard

Question 10

common good approach

Answer 10

based on relationships and contributions to community life
upholding the social contract
ethical actions respects community relationships and treats people with compassion

Question 11

virtue approach

Answer 11

4 ancient virtues: justice, wisdom, courage, self-control
a virtuous person will achieve eudaimonia
the right action is the one that the virtuous person would choose

Question 12

ethical decision making

Answer 12

1. recognizing an ethical issue
2. gathering facts
3. evaluating options
4. making and testing a decision
5. reflecting on outcomes

Question 13

professional sport vs amateur sport

Answer 13

pro: privately owned, paid participants
amateur: managed by governing bodies, volunteer driven

Question 14

impact of commercialization

Answer 14

structure of sport (rule changes)
orientation of individuals in sport
organizations that control sport 
"circuits of promotion"
television
cross marketing

Question 15

the sport media nexus

Answer 15

the interdependant relationships between sport organizations, media companies, and corporate sponsors the nexus has played a powerful role in the commercialization of sport and fitness cultures

Question 16

sport relies on the media

Answer 16

media has exacerbated the commercialization of sport
sport needs both the coverage/publicity afforded by the media as well as the money provided by braodcasting rights
2012 1.2 billion for us olympic rights (NBC) and 700 million elsewhere
one consequence: sport has been made to fit the interest of media

Question 17

the commercial imperative

Answer 17

one purpose of media -especially for non-profit media- is to accumulate or aggrerate audiences, which can be sold to advertisers
impacts:
which sport receive media coverage
the ways in which this coverage occurs

Question 18

addressing underconformity

Answer 18

a rejection of norms or lack of awareness of norms
uncomformity is usually not tolerated
athletes unwilling to obey norms are suaully disaplined by coaches

Question 19

signficance of overcomforimity

Answer 19

uncritical accaptance of the rules

taking am adherwnce to the “sport ethicj” too far

Question 20

norms that define the sport ethic

Answer 20

an athlete makes sacrifices for “the game”
an athlete strives for distinction
an athlete accepts risks and plays through pain
an athlete accepts no limits in the pursuits of possibilities

Question 21

consequences of overconformity

Answer 21

often viewed as dedication, not as overconformity deviance

overconformity has ties to the sport-media nexus

Question 22

structure and agency

Answer 22

agency- social class
gender
race and ethnicty
structure- economy 
politics
media

Question 23

categories of social analysis- identites

Answer 23

ability
age
ethnicity
gender
race
sexual orientation
social class

Question 24

social stratification and canadian high preformance athletes

Answer 24

gruneau and albinson 1976
-can winter games 1971
42% of althetes fathers came from highest occupational categories (national average 17%)
beamish 1990
-national team athletes1986
67% of fathers came from high occ cats

Question 25

gender norms and sterotypes

Answer 25

femininity: petite, graceful, elegance, pregnant, nurturing, high tolerence to pain, fashionable
masculinity: a man, muscles- strength, facial hair, tall, brave, powerful, protective

Question 26

tucker center report and film 2014

Answer 26

40% of athletes are women
43% of US college scholoarships go to women 
4% of media coverage 
25% of ESPN's viewership is women
8% of network programming