Chapter 4 Flashcards
axial skeleton
skull and facial muscles
skull:calvaria
formed by 5 curved flat bones
protect the brain and the brain stem
may get fractured
temporal bone is most fragile
skull: facial bones
formed by 5 irregular bones
give it individuality
provide protection for eyes and air passages
allow chewing and entry of food
facial muscles
allow us to:
change expression
display emotions
form words
we close eyes to
close mouth to
keep them moist and prevent discomfort
chew
axial skeleton-thoric region
vertebral column
ribs and sternum
neck and back muscles
abdominal muscles
vertebral column
33 vertebrae
function: attachment for back muscles, protects the spinal cord and nerves, absorbs shock through invertebral discs
top down vertebraes
7 cervical (neck) 12 thoraic (chest) 5 lumbar (lower back) 1 sacrum = 5 fused vertebrae (mid butt) 1 coccyx = 3 or 4 fused vertebrae (tail bone)
ribs and sternum
12 pairs of ribs, some have extra cervical rib
made up of bone and costal cartilage
curved and slightly twisted
functions: give strength to cheast cage and allow it to expand
protect chest area
ribs top down
1-7 true ribs (attach to vertebrae and sternum)
8-10 false ribs (attach to sternum indirectly through 7th rib)
11 and 12 floating ribs (attach to vertabral column)
sternum
=midline breastbone 3 parts: manubrium sternal body xiphoid process provides direct attachments to clavicles and 1-7 rib pairs
neck and back muscles
head sits on C1
articulates with C2
permit a wide range of movement and allow you to hold up your head
neck and back muscles: anterior
the most important pair: sternocleidomastoids
allow to: flex head towards chest
neck and back muscles: posterior
large muscle mass = erector spinae muscle group: lliocostalis longissimus spinalis maintain erect position anti-gavity muscles stop working during loss of consciousness, body falls face forward
abdominal muscles
plywood-like muscular wall
trilaminar
3 layers positioned on top of each other
for low back support and rehabilitation
layers of abdominal muscles
external oblique
interal oblique : both lateral bending and rotation
rectus abdominis and transverese abdominins: flextion and extention
appendicular skeleton
pectoral gridle sacpulohumeral region upper limb pelvic gridle lower limb
pectoral gridle
suspends the supper limb away from the chest wall
enables a great range of movement
clavicle
collar bone
only bone directly connecting upper and axial skeleton
scapula
shoulder blade
has many muscle attachements to axial skeleton
muscles anterior
pectorlis major: clavicular head & sternal head
pectorlis minor: coracoid process of the scapula, stabilizes scapula
seratus anterior: steadies and holds scapula forward against chest wall,
butterfly stroke
subcapularis: adducts and medially rotates upper limb
muscles posterior
trapezius: upper fibers: shrugging sholders middle (tranverse fibers: retract the scapula lower fibers: depress the scapula
sternoclavicular joint
only joint connecting pectroal gridle (clavicle) and axial skeleton (sternum)
acromioclavicular joint
connects clavicle lateral end and scapula acromion process (shoulder seperations in hockey)
scapulohumeral region
anterior mucsles
superior and posterior muscles
lateral mucles
muscles: superior and posterior
supraspinatus: initiates upper limb abduction
infraspinatus and teres minor: laterly rotate upper limb
rotator cuff muscles
SSIT subscapularis supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor
muscles: lateral
deltoids: move upper limb
anterior fibers: flex and rotate medially
middle fibers: abduct
posterior fibers: extend and laterally rotate
upper limb
arm: shoulder to elbow
forearm: elbow to wrist + wrist +hand
flexors and extensors
felxors = anterior extensors = posterior
bones in hand
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges: 3 per finger, 2 in thumb
arm muscles anterior
biceps branchii
branchialis
arm muscles posterior
triceps branchii
medial head
lateral head
long head
forearm muscles
flexor-pronator group
extensor-supinator group
hand muscles
thanear (palm) group
hypothenar (little palm) group
interossel muscles
lumbrical muscles
shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
wide range of movements; comprise- lack of stability
elbow joints
humeroradial
humeroulnar
radioulnar
os coxae
paired hip bone made up of: ilium pubis ischium
hip muscles
illiopsoas formed by: psoas major illiacus pssoas minor gluteus maximus gluteus meduis and minimus
hip joints
sacroliiac
pubic symphysis
