Chapter 4

Question 1

axial skeleton

Answer 1

skull and facial muscles

Question 2

skull:calvaria

Answer 2

formed by 5 curved flat bones
protect the brain and the brain stem
may get fractured
temporal bone is most fragile

Question 3

skull: facial bones

Answer 3

formed by 5 irregular bones
give it individuality
provide protection for eyes and air passages
allow chewing and entry of food

Question 4

facial muscles

Answer 4

allow us to:
change expression
display emotions
form words

Question 5

we close eyes to

close mouth to

Answer 5

keep them moist and prevent discomfort

chew

Question 6

axial skeleton-thoric region

Answer 6

vertebral column
ribs and sternum
neck and back muscles
abdominal muscles

Question 7

vertebral column

Answer 7

33 vertebrae

function: attachment for back muscles, protects the spinal cord and nerves, absorbs shock through invertebral discs

Question 8

top down vertebraes

Answer 8

7 cervical (neck)
12 thoraic (chest)
5 lumbar (lower back)
1 sacrum = 5 fused vertebrae (mid butt)
1 coccyx = 3 or 4 fused vertebrae (tail bone)

Question 9

ribs and sternum

Answer 9

12 pairs of ribs, some have extra cervical rib
made up of bone and costal cartilage
curved and slightly twisted
functions: give strength to cheast cage and allow it to expand
protect chest area

Question 10

ribs top down

Answer 10

1-7 true ribs (attach to vertebrae and sternum)
8-10 false ribs (attach to sternum indirectly through 7th rib)
11 and 12 floating ribs (attach to vertabral column)

Question 11

sternum

Answer 11

=midline breastbone
3 parts: 
manubrium
sternal body
xiphoid process
provides direct attachments to clavicles and 1-7 rib pairs

Question 12

neck and back muscles

Answer 12

head sits on C1
articulates with C2
permit a wide range of movement and allow you to hold up your head

Question 13

neck and back muscles: anterior

Answer 13

the most important pair: sternocleidomastoids

allow to: flex head towards chest

Question 14

neck and back muscles: posterior

Answer 14

large muscle mass = erector spinae
muscle group: 
lliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis 
maintain erect position
anti-gavity muscles
stop working during loss of consciousness, body falls face forward

Question 15

abdominal muscles

Answer 15

plywood-like muscular wall
trilaminar
3 layers positioned on top of each other
for low back support and rehabilitation

Question 16

layers of abdominal muscles

Answer 16

external oblique
interal oblique : both lateral bending and rotation
rectus abdominis and transverese abdominins: flextion and extention

Question 17

appendicular skeleton

Answer 17

pectoral gridle 
sacpulohumeral region
upper limb
pelvic gridle
lower limb

Question 18

pectoral gridle

Answer 18

suspends the supper limb away from the chest wall

enables a great range of movement

Question 19

clavicle

Answer 19

collar bone

only bone directly connecting upper and axial skeleton

Question 20

scapula

Answer 20

shoulder blade

has many muscle attachements to axial skeleton

Question 21

muscles anterior

Answer 21

pectorlis major: clavicular head & sternal head
pectorlis minor: coracoid process of the scapula, stabilizes scapula
seratus anterior: steadies and holds scapula forward against chest wall,
butterfly stroke
subcapularis: adducts and medially rotates upper limb

Question 22

muscles posterior

Answer 22

trapezius:
upper fibers:
shrugging sholders
middle (tranverse fibers: 
retract the scapula 
lower fibers:
depress the scapula

Question 23

sternoclavicular joint

Answer 23

only joint connecting pectroal gridle (clavicle) and axial skeleton (sternum)

Question 24

acromioclavicular joint

Answer 24

connects clavicle lateral end and scapula acromion process (shoulder seperations in hockey)

Question 25

scapulohumeral region

Answer 25

anterior mucsles
superior and posterior muscles
lateral mucles

Question 26

muscles: superior and posterior

Answer 26

supraspinatus: initiates upper limb abduction

infraspinatus and teres minor: laterly rotate upper limb

Question 27

rotator cuff muscles

Answer 27

SSIT
subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor

Question 28

muscles: lateral

Answer 28

deltoids: move upper limb
anterior fibers: flex and rotate medially
middle fibers: abduct
posterior fibers: extend and laterally rotate

Question 29

upper limb

Answer 29

arm: shoulder to elbow
forearm: elbow to wrist + wrist +hand

Question 30

flexors and extensors

Answer 30

felxors = anterior
extensors = posterior

Question 31

bones in hand

Answer 31

5 metacarpals

14 phalanges: 3 per finger, 2 in thumb

Question 32

arm muscles anterior

Answer 32

biceps branchii

branchialis

Question 33

arm muscles posterior

Answer 33

triceps branchii
medial head
lateral head
long head

Question 34

forearm muscles

Answer 34

flexor-pronator group

extensor-supinator group

Question 35

hand muscles

Answer 35

thanear (palm) group
hypothenar (little palm) group
interossel muscles
lumbrical muscles

Question 36

shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

Answer 36

wide range of movements; comprise- lack of stability

Question 37

elbow joints

Answer 37

humeroradial
humeroulnar
radioulnar

Question 38

os coxae

Answer 38

paired hip bone
made up of: 
ilium
pubis
ischium

Question 39

hip muscles

Answer 39

illiopsoas formed by:
psoas major
illiacus
pssoas minor
gluteus maximus
gluteus meduis and minimus

Question 40

hip joints

Answer 40

sacroliiac

pubic symphysis