Chapter 12 Flashcards
growth
a measurable change in body size, qaunity, or fucntioning
maturation
the extent a characteristic reselmbles a mature biological state
motor development
the study of how motor behaviour change over time because of biological and enviornmental influences
cepholocudual vs proxidmal
head to foot
center to outward
readiness
is when an indivdual is pro[ared to aquire a particular behvaiour or skill and has internal motivation to learn
infancy <1 year
mlaes are usally slightly heavier, and longer than females at birth
extermely rapid growth
3 x birth weight
increased bith height by 50%
childhood (1-13 years)
1-6-loss of baby fat, rapid growth, good flexibility, lots of muscle develoment
7-10- slower and more constant growth
improments in coordination and motor functioning
10-13 -growth spurt preceeded by fat accumulation
puberty- 12-14- height spurt, redistribution of body weight
adolescence (14-20 years)
somatotypes: develop
ectomorph: linear shape, delicate bone structure, litle fat, and long, limbs
mesomorph: well-muscled little fat, broad shoulders, narrow waist
endomorph: rounded appearnce, heavy bone, little bone and muscle definition
body comp
male fat content at birth 13%
recommneded 10-22%
women fat content at birth 15%
recommended 20-32%
motor devlopment
infants: reflective-sucking spontaneuous-kicking redimentary- rolling early to mid childhood: fundemental movemnets walking, running, catching, tthrowing late childhood and adolescence: advanced fundemental movements specilizaed movements are formed by combing skills that are sport specific
infant brain
midbrain:
reflex center
most developed at birth
reflexive movements for feeding and protection
cerebrum: (cerebral cortext, hippocampus, basal ganglia)
controls volentary movement, memory, and sensation
redimentary movements that are volutariry cntrolled rolling, sitting, reaching
cerebullum:
the little brain that controls balance and coordination
standing crawling, grasping
cardiovasular system
supplies muscles and organs with O2 and nutrients removes metabolic by-products from tissues
cristical for preformace
enhanced by training
cardiovasular anatomy
heart
peripheral curriculatory system
red blood cells
heart
pumps blood through the human body
will beat about 3 billion time sover our life
one of the first organs to begin functioning after conception
muscle cells
3 layers: 1. endocardium (within) lines the heart chambers allows smooth blood flow 2. myocardium (middle) thick and muscular pumps blood 3. apicardium (upon) thin protection pericardium (around) protective sac containing pericardial fluid loosely surrounds heart reduces friction
chambers and vessels
ventricles: pump blood to the body right ventricle: deoxy blood to lungs via pulmonary artery left ventricle: oxy blood to body via aorta atria: pump blood into ventricles right atrium: deoxy blood from body via superior/inferior vena cava left atrium: oxy blood from lungs via pulmonary vein *only vein that carries oxygenated blood*
valves
semilunar valves:
open when ventricles contract to direct blood flow into arteries
1. pulmonary valve: right ventricle –> pulmonary artery
2. aortic valve: left ventricle–> aorta
close when ventricles relax to prevnt backflow
valves 2
atrioventicular valves
open when atria contract to direct blood flow into ventricles
1. tricuspid valve: right atrium–> right ventricle
2. bicuspid/mitral valve: left atrium–> left ventricle
close when atria relax to prevent backflow
function
heart contracts in a constant rhythm
may speed up or slow down
depending on the bodys blood and oxygen need
sinus node:
bundle of nerve fibers that controls heart rate
called the pace maker of the heart
loacted inside the right atrium wall
generate a nerve muscle walls to contract
artia 1st, ventricles 2nd
blood pressure
- systolic BP
during venticular contraction (systole)
how hard heart works
strain against arteial walls during contraction
normal: 120mm Hg - diastolic BP
during heart relaxation (diastole)
indicates peripheral BP (outside the heart)
ease with which blood flows from arterties to capillaries
normal: 10-80mm Hg
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped into thr aorta each minute
representation of the qaunity of blood flowing to peripheral circulation
stroke volume
amount of blood (ml) pumped out of left ventricle per heart beat
resting: 70 ml
arteries
carry blood away from the herat
arterioles- small vessels that branch from arteries
capillaries- tiny vessels that branch from arterioles
allow O2 nutrient exchnage; waste and CO2 removal
veins
carry blood towards the heart
venules- small vessels that branch from veins
valves- open blood flowing towards the herat
close with blood flowing away from the heart
blood flow against gravity
valves close ro prevent back flow
vanous smooth muscle cells contract
skeletal muscles contract
red blood cells
blood:
plasma- transport fluid
platelets-clot forming component
white blood cells- infection fighting cells (leukocyte)
red blood cells- oxygen carrying cells (erythocyte)
RBC’s
most abundant cell type in blood
hematocrit-precentage of blood made up in RBC’s (usually 45% of blood volume)
carry O2 lung–>body tissues
carry CO2 body tissues –> lung
transport of CO2
tissues--> blood --> lunsg --> air helps regulate body's ionic equalibrium (chloride shift) pH balance (bicabonate) CO2 transport to the lungs occurs in one of 3 wyas
O2 uptake
measured as VO-volume of oxygen consumed in a given amount of time
amount of O2 consumed due to aerobic metabolism
measured as O2 volume consumed in one minute
increased energy requirements = increased VO2
there is a limit to the maount of O2 that can be consumed:
maximal aerboic power
varies with genetics and training
hemoglobin
read slide
factors affecting O2 delivery
cardiac output:
amount of blood pumped by the herat each minute (into the aorta)
determine O2 volume delievered to tissues
hematocrit:
concentration of red blood cells
determines amount of O2 per a volume of blood
factors affecting O2 uptake
O2 extraction:
ability of tissues to extract O2
affected by mitocondria number and enzyme efficeiency
capillarization:
number of capilieries in tissue
affects the ability of cardiovasular system to place RBC’s close to the working tissues
3 respiration aspects
- ventilation
- inspiration
- experation
- acheived by thoaraic diaphram and interocostal muscle - gas exchange
- betywen air and blood
- between blood and other tissue - oxygen utilzation
- at the tissues
- cellular respiration
altidtude
"thin air" -decreased gas density -decreased O2 with each breath hyperventilation (immediate) -increased breathing rate -increased O2 delivery -increased CO2 removal, and acid base balance changes acute moutain sickness headache- brain and lung swelling O2 carrying capacity (long-term) -more RBC -more Hb per RBC
