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Microbiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Condensation (dehydration) reactions

A

Anabolic reactions that require enzymes (synthases) to form covalent bonds between smaller substrate molecules

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2
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Another term for digestion; water setting free

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3
Q

Labile

A

Chemically unstable enzymes

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4
Q

Low temperatures

A

Inhibit catalysts

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5
Q

High temperatures

A

Denature the apoenzyme

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6
Q

Denaturation

A

A process where the bonds that maintain the shape are disrupted. Causes distortion to the enzymes shape and prevents the substrate from attaching to the active site

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7
Q

Catabolism

A

Larger molecules are degraded or broken down into smaller molecules

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8
Q

Anabolism

A

Or biosynthesis, is where larger molecules are built from smaller ones resulting in the formation of cell structures

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

Example of catalysts; chemicals that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction

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10
Q

Substrates

A

Reactant molecules for enzymes

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11
Q

Holoenzyme

A

Conjugated enzyme

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12
Q

Apoenzyme

A

A combination of proteins

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13
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic cofactors that work in conjunction with the apoenzyme to perform a necessary alteration of a substrate

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14
Q

Active site or catalytic site

A

The pocket where the substrate binds to the enzyme

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15
Q

Exoenymes

A

Transported extracellularly; break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals

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16
Q

Endoenzymes

A

Retained intracellularly and function there

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17
Q

Constitutive enzymes

A

Always present in small amounts, regardless of the amount of substrate

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18
Q

Regulated enzymes

A

Either turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed)

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19
Q

Condensation (dehydration) reactions

A

Growing cells require enzymes to form covalent bonds between smaller substrate molecules

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20
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaking of bonds requiring the input of water; digestion

21
Q

Labile

A

Chemically unstable enzymes

22
Q

Denaturation

A

A process by which the bonds that collectively maintain the native shape of the apoenzyme are disrupted

23
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

A mimic that competes with the substrate for the active site

24
Q

Regulatory or allosteric site

A

Special types of enzymes have two binding sites

25
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

Does not involve inhibitor molecule competing with substrate for the active site or to disable it. It binds to the site to prevent the enzyme from completing its action on the substrate

26
Q

Enzyme repression

A

Stops further synthesis of an enzyme somewhere along its pathway

27
Q

Enzyme induction

A

The synthesis of the enzyme is induced by its substrate

28
Q

Exergonic

A

Releases energy as it goes forward; catabolic

29
Q

Endergonic

A

Driven forward with the addition of energy; anabolic

30
Q

Phosphorylation

A

A process that adds an inorganic phosphate to adenosine Diphosphate and converts it to ATP

31
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

A series of reactions involving electron transport and an enzyme that can trap energy and store it
In ATP

32
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

ATP is formed by transfer of a phosphate group from a high energy compound directly to ADP

33
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

A series of reactions that converts glucose to CO2, produces H2O, and generates energy

34
Q

Ferment

A

Incompletely oxidize

35
Q

Dentrification

A

Recycles nitrogen in the biosphere

36
Q

Fermentation

A

Process involving the incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates, oxidation of NADH to NAD+ (essential to keeping glycolysis going), organic molecules as the terminal electron acceptors, and the release of a small amount of ATP

37
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Occurs in yeast or bacterial species that have metabolic pathways for converting pyruvic acid to ethanol

38
Q

Acidic fermentation

A

Lactic acid bacteria ferment pyruvate by reducing it to lactic acid

39
Q

Amphibolism

A

Integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency

40
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Starting point in glucose synthesis from various metabolic intermediates

41
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Releases significant energy

42
Q

Transamination

A

Amino acids and carbohydrates can be interchanged through this ; transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a carbohydrate

43
Q

Deamination

A

Removal of an amino group

44
Q

Amination

A

The addition of an ammonium molecule or amino group

45
Q

Light-dependent reactions

A

Proceed only in the presence of sunlight

46
Q

Light- Independent reactions

A

Do not require direct exposure to light, but do require the products of the light-dependent reactions in order to proceed

47
Q

Oxygenic

A

Oxygen-releasing, photosynthesis that occurs in plants, algae, and Cyanobacteria

48
Q

Anoxygenic

A

Non oxygen-producing; many are strict anaerobes

Microbiology (17 decks)

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