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Microbiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Virus

A

A group of infectious agents

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2
Q

Viruses vs bacteria

A

Many viruses are parasites of bacteria but outnumber them by a factor of 10 because they carry genes from one host cell to another

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3
Q

Obligate intracellular parasite

A

Cannot multiply unless it invades a specific host cell and instructs its genetic and metabolic machinery to make and release quantities of new viruses

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4
Q

Ultramicroscopic

A

So minute- less than 0.2 um- that a microscope is needed to detect or examine them

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5
Q

Paroviruses

A

DNA viruses that cause respiratory infections in humans

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6
Q

Pandoraviruses

A

Groups of large complex viruses that are parasites inside cells of ocean-dwelling amoebas

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7
Q

What a virus needs to invade and control a host cell

A

An external coating and a core containing one or more nucleic acid strands of either DNA or RNA

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8
Q

Capsid

A

All viruses have this protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid in the central core

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9
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

The capsid and the nucleic acid of the virus

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10
Q

Naked virus

A

Viruses that consist only of a nucleocapsid

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11
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

They posses an additional covering external to the capsid- usually a modified piece of the hosts cell membrane

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12
Q

Capsomers

A

Identical protein subunits that can spontaneously self assemble into the finished capsid. Results in two types

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13
Q

Helical capsids

A

Have rod-shaped capsomers that bind together to form a series of hollow discs resembling a bracelet

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14
Q

Icosahedron capsid

A

A 3-D, 20-sided figure with 12 spaced corners.

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15
Q

Poxviruses

A

Large DNA viruses that lack a typical capsid and are covered by a dense layer of lipoproteins and coarse fibrils on their outer surface

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16
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Have a polyhedral capsid head and a helical tail and fibers for attachment to host cells. These viruses parasitize bacteria; bacterial viruses

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17
Q

Positive strand RNA

A

Single stranded RNA genomes that are ready for immediate translation into proteins

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18
Q

Negative strand RNA

A

RNA genomes that have to be converted into the proper form for translation

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19
Q

Segmented

A

The individual genes exist in separate RNA molecules

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20
Q

Retrovirus

A

An RNA virus that shows unusual features

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21
Q

Polymerase

A

Synthesize DNA and RNA and replicates the copy of RNA

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22
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Used to synthesize DNA from RNA

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23
Q

Rhabdoviruses

A

Have a bullet-shaped envelope; little rod

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24
Q

Togaviruses

A

Have a cloak like envelope ; covering or robe; anatomical or geographic areas have also been used in naming

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25
Q

Adenoviruses

A

First discovered in adenoids (one type of tonsil)

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26
Q

Hantaviruses

A

Were originally isolated in the Korean Province of Hantaan

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27
Q

Lentiviruses

A

Tend to cause slow, chronic infections

Ex: HIV, AIDS virus

28
Q

Picornaviruses

A

Tiny RNA viruses

29
Q

Host range

A

The range of hosts a virus can effect in a natural setting is limited and can vary from one virus to another

30
Q

Tropisms

A

Have tissue specificities for certain cells in the body

31
Q

Viropexis (penetration)

A

A form of fusion or endocytosis used in animals for the virus to inject the viral nucleic acid into the host cell’s interior

32
Q

Fusion (penetration)

A

The viral envelope fuses directly with the host cell membrane, so it can occur only in enveloped viruses

33
Q

Endocytosis (penetration)

A

The virus can be either enveloped or naked and is engulfed entirely into a vesicle called an endosome after its initial attachment

34
Q

Uncoated

A

Happens once the virus is inside the cell; the vesicle membrane becomes altered so that the viral nucleocapsid or nucleic acid can be released into the cytoplasm

35
Q

Adsorption

A

The virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to cell receptors

36
Q

Penetration

A

The virus is engulfed by the cell membrane into an endosome and transported internally

37
Q

Synthesis: replication and protein

A

Production; under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses: RNA molecules, capsomers, and spikes

38
Q

Assembly

A

Viral spike proteins are inserted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers

39
Q

Release

A

Enveloped viruses bud off of the membrane, carrying away an envelope with spikes. This complete virus or viron is ready to infect another cell

40
Q

Budding or exocytosis

A

The release of a virus from an animal cell by enclosing it in a portion of membrane derived from the cell

41
Q

Viron

A

Extra cellular virus particle that is virulent and able to establish infection in a host

42
Q

Cytopathic effects (CPEs)

A

Virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance

43
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

Compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles, in the nucleus and cytoplasm

44
Q

Persistent infections

A

Some cells escape destruction by harboring the virus in some form; can last a few weeks to years and even the whole life of the host

45
Q

Latent state

A

Viruses remain inactive or nonproductive over long periods

Ex: herpes simplex virus (cold sores and genital herpes) and herpes zoster virus (chickenpox and shingles)

46
Q

Oncogenic

A

Some animal viruses enter the host cell and permanently alter its genetic material (most cases lead o cancer)

47
Q

Transformation

A

The effect oncogenic viruses have on the cell; nucleic acid becomes integrated into the host DNA; increased growth rate, alterations in chromosomes, changes in the cell’s surface molecules, and the capacity to divide for an indefinite period.

48
Q

Syncytia

A

A result of some viruses’ ability to fuse membranes; the fusion of multiple host cells into single large cells containing multiple nuclei

49
Q

Lysis

A

The host cell becomes so packed with viruses that it splits open- releasing the mature virions

50
Q

Temperate phages

A

Special DNA viruses undergo adsorption and penetration into the host cell but are not replicated or released immediately; a reduction in intensity

51
Q

Prophage

A

The virus is usually inserted into the bacterial cell and copied

52
Q

Lysogeny

A

The bacteriophage DNA carried by the host chromosome

53
Q

Induction

A

The prophage in a lysogenic cell will be activated and progress directly into viral replication and the lytic cycle

54
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A

When a bacterium acquires genes from its temperate phage

55
Q

In vitro cell (tissue)

A

Experiments performed in test tubes or other artificial environments

56
Q

In vivo

A

Life; experiments performed in a living body

57
Q

Cell culture

A

Tissue culture; makes it possible to propagate most viruses

58
Q

Purposes of viral cultivation

A

1) to isolate and identify
2) to prepare for vaccines

3) to do detailed research
on structure, multiplication cycles, genetics, and effects on host cells

59
Q

Monolayer

A

Single sheet of cells supporting viral multiplication and permits close inspection of the culture for signs of infection

60
Q

Primary cell cultures

A

Prepared by placing freshly isolated animal tissue in a growth medium

61
Q

Virus infected cells that have been destroyed

A

Show up as clear patches in the cell known as plaques

62
Q

Plaques

A

The microscopic manifestation of cytopathic effects (CPEs); patch or spot

63
Q

Prions (proteinaceous infectious particle)

A

A group of noncellular infectious agents that are not viruses and really belong in a category by themselves; a naked protein molecule that lacks any nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

64
Q

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)

A

The disease associated with prions

65
Q

Viroids

A

Virus like agents that infect plants; very small (one tenth of average virus); composed of only naked strands of RNA, lacking a capsid or any other type of coating

Microbiology (17 decks)

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