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Microbiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Encases the cytoplasm

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The internal matrix

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3
Q

Organelles

A

Complex internal parts of the cell

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4
Q

Heredity

A

The transmission of an organisms genome to the next generation by chromosomes

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5
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of chromosomes and genes of an organism

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6
Q

Reproduction

A

The generation of offspring necessary to continue a species line of evolution

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7
Q

Growth

A

An increase in size of a population through reproduction; also can refer to the enlargement of a single organism during maturation

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8
Q

Development

A

All changes over the lifespan of an organism

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9
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions that all cells need to function

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10
Q

Responsiveness

A

The capacity of cells to interact with external factors through irritability, communication, or movement

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11
Q

Transport

A

A system for controlling the flow of materials

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12
Q

Bacteria

A

A category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls

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13
Q

Appendages

A

Two groups: those that provide motility (flagella and axial filaments) and those that provide attachments or channels (fimbriae and pili)

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14
Q

Flagellum

A

Allows the cell to move about through an aqueous habitat

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15
Q

The filament of the flagellum

A

A helical structure composed of flagellin (a protein)

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16
Q

The basal body part of the flagellum

A

A stack of rings firmly anchored through the cell wall to the cell membrane

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17
Q

Monotrichous

A

Has a single flagellum

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18
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Has small bunches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same site

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19
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Has flagella at both poles of the cell

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20
Q

Peritrichous

A

Flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

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21
Q

Positive Chemotaxis

A

A movement of a cell in the direction of a favorable chemical stimulus (usually a nutrient)

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22
Q

Negative Chemotaxis

A

A movement away from a repellent compound (potentially harmful)

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23
Q

A flagellum run

A

Rotates counterclockwise, cell swims toward direction of the stimulus

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24
Q

Flagellum tumble

A

The flagellum reversing its direction

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25
Q

Phototaxis

A

Type of movement in response to light rather than chemicals

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26
Q

Spirochetes

A

A long wormlike mode of locomotion cause by two or more long coiled threads, the periplasmic flagella or axial filaments

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27
Q

Fimbria

A

Smaller common appendages involved in interactions with other cells

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28
Q

Pilus

A

Common bacterial appendages with specialized functions and are also involved in other interactions with other cells

29
Q

Conjugation

A

The process that uses pilus as a connector for transferring DNA from a donor cell to a recipient

30
Q

Glycocalyx

A

A coating of macromolecules to protect the cell

31
Q

Slime layer

A

Protects bacteria from dehydration and loss of nutrients

32
Q

Capsules

A

Thick, structured layer that is bound more tightly to the cell

33
Q

Gram positive cell layers

A

Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and the cell membrane

34
Q

Gram negative cell layers

A

An outer membrane, a thin peptidoglycan layer and the cell membrane

35
Q

Peptidoglycan (PG)

A

A macromolecule that gives strength and stability

36
Q

Glycan

A

Long chains cross linked by short peptide fragments within peptidoglycan

37
Q

Lysis

A

The process of cell destruction, as occurs in bursting

38
Q

Teichoic acid

A

A polymer of ribitol or glycerol and phosphate embedded into the peptidoglycan sheath

39
Q

Periplasmic space

A

A site for temporary storage of enzymes that have been released by the cell membrane

40
Q

Outer membrane (OM)

A

Similar to the cell membrane but contains liposaccharides (LPS)

41
Q

Liposaccharides (LPS) and lipoproteins

A

Consist of lipid molecules bound to polysaccharides

42
Q

Porins

A

Proteins found in the upper layer of the outer membrane; have control over molecules entering and leaving the cell

43
Q

Mycolic acid

A

Long chain of fatty acids

44
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

Bacteria that lack a cell wall; contains sterols that make it resistant to lysis

45
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Extreme variations in shape

46
Q

L forms

A

Wall deficient forms; arise from a mutation in the wall forming genes

47
Q

Protoplast

A

A fragile cell bounded by only a membrane that is highly susceptible to lysis

48
Q

Spheroplast

A

A fragile gram negative cell from losing its peptidoglycan yet retaining its outer membrane

49
Q

Cell or cytoplasmic membrane

A

A lipid bilayer with proteins embedded to varying degrees

50
Q

The fluid mosaic model

A

Describes a membrane as a continuous bilayer formed by lipids with the polar heads oriented toward the outside and the nonpolar tails toward the center of the membrane

51
Q

Coccus

A

When the cell is spherical or ball shaped, oval, bean, or pointed variants

52
Q

Bacillus

A

A cell that is cylindrical (longer than wide) and rod shaped

53
Q

Coccobacillus

A

Short and plump looking cells

54
Q

Vibrio

A

Gently curved cell

55
Q

Spirillum

A

A rigid helix, twisted twice or more along its axis; coil

56
Q

Spirochete

A

A more flexible form that resembles a spring

57
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Variations in the cell wall structure caused by nutritional or slight hereditary differences; form or shape

58
Q

Bacterial chromosome

A

A single circular strand of DNA

59
Q

Nucleoid

A

The central area of the cell containing DNA

60
Q

Plasmids

A

Nonessential pieces of DNA

61
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made of RNA and protein

62
Q

Inclusion bodies or inclusions

A

Strong nutrients varying in size, number, and content

63
Q

Granules

A

Contain crystals of compounds and are not enclosed by membranes

64
Q

Metachromatic granules

A

Stain a contrasting color in the presence of methylene blue dye

65
Q

Endospore

A

Withstands hostile conditions and facilitates survival

66
Q

Vegetative cell

A

Metabolically active and growing phase

67
Q

Sporulation

A

Endospores formed when exposed to certain environmental signals

68
Q

Sporangium

A

A committed sporulating cell

69
Q

Germination

A

The breaking of dormancy that happens in the presence of water and a specific agent

Microbiology (17 decks)

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