Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Materials that occupy space and have mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atom

A

A tiny particle that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Protons

A

A subatomic particle with a positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neutrons

A

A subatomic particle with no charge; are neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Electrons

A

A subatomic particle with a negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleus

A

The combination of protons and neutrons which are surrounded by electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Electron cloud

A

The electron orbit around the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Extremophile

A

A microbe that can live in severe conditions that would be harmful to other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atomic number (AN)

A

Based on the number of protons an element has; if neutral- number of protons= number of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mass number (MN)

A

Equal to the number of protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Isotopes

A

Variant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons and have a different mass number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Orbitals

A

The pathways taken by electrons; represent volumes of 3-D space where electrons are most likely to be found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

She’ll

A

Energy level of electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Molecule

A

A distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compounds

A

Molecules containing two or more different elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Formula mass or molecular weight

A

Calculated from the sun of all the atomic masses of the atoms it contains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Created when two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Valence

A

The capacity for making bonds dictated by the number of electrons in its outermost shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Covalent bonds (cooperative valence)

A

Share electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diatomic (two atoms)

A

Exist in pairs rather than as a single atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Polar

A

A molecule with an unequal distribution of charges; has positive and negative poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nonpolar

A

Balanced distribution; no part of the molecule has a greater attraction for the electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Complementary valences; one atom can accept electrons and the other is ready to get rid of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ionization

A

Charged particles are dissolved in a liquid (solvent) when an ionic bond is broken and the atoms dissociate (separate) into unattached, charged particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ions

A

Unattached, charged particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions that migrate toward the negative pole of an electrical field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged ions that migrate toward the positive pole of an electrical field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that release ions when dissolved in water because their charges enable them to conduct an electrical current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

A weak attractive force between molecules or atoms forming a covalent bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Van der Waals force

A

Weak molecular interactions that play a role in the shape and function of biological molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

A

Electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Oxidation

A

Any reaction that causes an atom to lose electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Reducing agent

A

Donates electrons and reduces another atom; gives its electrons away and is oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Can receive atoms and oxidize another molecule; receives the electrons and is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Leads to a change in the composition of the matter they contain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Reactants

A

Start a reaction and are changed by the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Products

A

Result of the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Summarizes the content of a reaction. Reactants on left of arrow; products on right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

The reactants bond together in a manner that produces an entirely new molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

The bonds on a single reactant molecule are permanently broken to release two or more product molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Reactants trade portions between each other and release products that are combinations of the two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Catalyst

A

Substances that increase the rate of a reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Solution

A

A mixture of one or more substances called solutes; dispersed in a dissolving medium called a solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Hydrated

A

Surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Molecules that attract water to their surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Nonpolar molecules that repel water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Amphipathic

A

Molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

48
Q

Concentration

A

Expresses the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent

49
Q

Hydrogen ion (H+)

A

A single hydrogen breaks away from a covalent bond as an ionic

50
Q

Hydroxide (OH-)

A

When a single hydrogen molecule breaks off from a covalent bond, this is the remainder of the molecule

51
Q

Acidic

A

When a component (an acid) releases excess hydrogen ions in a solution

52
Q

Basic

A

When a component (a base) releases excess hydroxide ions so there’s no longer a balance between the two ions

53
Q

The pH scale

A

A graduated numerical scale ranging from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic)

54
Q

Neutralilty

A

The midpoint of the pH scale (pH 7); here concentrations are exactly equal and neither predominates

55
Q

Neutralization reactions

A

Give rise to water and other neutral by-products

56
Q

Metabolism

A

Referring to the totality of chemical and physical processes occurring in the cell

57
Q

Inorganic chemicals

A

Substances that play a role in the structure and function of living things; usually if it does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

58
Q

Organic chemicals

A

Contains basic framework of carbon bonded to hydrogens; more complex molecules that most chemical reactions and structures of living things occurs

59
Q

Functional groups

A

(Accessory groups) Help define the chemical class of certain groups of organic compounds and confer unique reactive properties in the whole molecule

60
Q

Biochemicals

A

Organic compounds produced by living things. Four main families: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acids

61
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large compounds that are formed by polymerization

62
Q

Polymerization

A

Process where repeating monomers are bound to polymer chains

63
Q

Monomers

A

One subunit; part

64
Q

Polymers

A

Many monomers together

65
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A backbone of carbon bound to two or more hydroxyl groups

66
Q

Polyhydroxy aldehydes

A

A group attached to the carbohydrate

Ex: glucose

67
Q

Polyhydroxy ketones

A

A group attached to a carbohydrate

Ex: fructose

68
Q

Saccharine

A

A simple carbohydrate that has a sweet taste

Ex: monosaccharide

69
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A simple polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone molecule containing from 3 to 7 carbons

70
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A polymer of five or more monosaccharides bound in linear or branched chain patterns

71
Q

Disaccharide

A

A combination of two monosaccharides

72
Q

Hexoses

A

A monosaccharide or disaccharide containing 6 carbons

73
Q

Pentoses

A

A monosaccharide or disaccharide containing 5 carbons

74
Q

Glycosidic bonds

A

Carbons on adjacent sugar units are bonded to the same oxygen atom like links in a chain

75
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

A process common to polymerization reactions

76
Q

Cellulose

A

A long fibrous polymer that gives strength and rigidity to cell walls in plants

77
Q

Dextran

A

Glucose polymer

78
Q

Agar

A

An indispensable polysaccharide in preparing solid culture media

79
Q

Chitin

A

A polymer of glucosamine; a major compound in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of insects

80
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Polysaccharides (glycans) are linked to peptide fragments (short chain of amino acids)

81
Q

Lipopolysaccharide

A

A complex of lipid and polysaccharide responsible for symptoms such as fever and shock

82
Q

Glycocalyx

A

“Sugar coating” made up of polysaccharides bound to proteins and functions as a site for receptors

83
Q

Receptors

A

Surface molecules that receive and respond to external stimuli

84
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Digestion; when a water molecule is required for breaking the bond between two glucose molecules

85
Q

Lipid

A

(Fat) substances that are not soluble in polar solvents but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents

86
Q

Triglycerides

A

A category of compounds including fats and oils. ; composed of single molecule of glycerol bound to three fatty acids

87
Q

Glycerol

A

A 3-carbon alcohol with three OH groups that serve as binding sites

88
Q

Ester bond

A

The bond that forms between the -OH and the -COOH

89
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Has all the carbons in the chain bonded to hydrogens wth single bonds

90
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Having at least one carbon ; carbon double bonds

91
Q

Phospholipids

A

Contain two fatty acids attached to the glycerol, third glycerol binding site holds a phosphate group

92
Q

Cholesterol

A

Reinforces the structure of the cell membrane in animal cells and in an unusual group of mycoplasmas

93
Q

Mycoplasma

A

A group of cell-wall deficient bacteria

94
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Fatty acid derivatives found in trace amounts that function in inflammatory and allergic reactions, blood clotting, and smooth muscle contraction

95
Q

Proteins

A

Predominant organic molecules in cells

96
Q

Amino acids

A

The building blocks of proteins; 20 different forms

97
Q

Peptide bond

A

A covalent bond that forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another amino acid

98
Q

Peptide

A

Digestion; a molecule composed of short amino acid chains

99
Q

Polypeptide

A

Contains an unspecified number of amino acids but usually has more than 20 and is often a smaller subunit of a protein

100
Q

Primary (1) structure of a protein

A

The fundamental chain of amino acids

101
Q

Secondary (2) structure off a protein

A

Numerous hydrogen bonds occurring between the C=O and N-H groups of peptide bonds causing the chain to coil or fold into regular patterns

102
Q

Tertiary (3) structure of proteins

A

Bonds between many parts of the alpha helix and the beta-pleated sheets

103
Q

Cysteine

A

An amino acid found in urine stones

104
Q

Quaternary (4) structure of proteins

A

Two or more polypeptides interact to form a large, multi unit protein

105
Q

Enzymes

A

The catalyst for all chemical reactions

106
Q

Antibodies

A

Complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

107
Q

Native state

A

The functional 3-D form of a protein

108
Q

Denatured

A

When the 3-D structure of a preprint is disrupted

109
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Originally isolated from the cell nucleus; contains a coddd genetic program with detailed and specific instructions for each organisms heredity

110
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Originally isolated from the cell nucleus; responsible for carrying out DNA’s instructions and translating DNA into proteins

111
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nucleus acids are polymers of these repeating units. Composed of three smaller units: nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate

112
Q

Nitrogen base

A

Cyclic compound that comes in two forms: purines (2 rings) and pyrimidines (1 ring)

113
Q

Types of purines

A

Adenine (A) and guanine (G)

114
Q

Types of pyrimidines

A

Thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)

115
Q

Replication

A

Makes an exact copy of DNA using the original strand as a pattern

116
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A nucleotide containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphates

Microbiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions