Chapter 8

Question 1

Attention

Answer 1

The tendency to respond to and to remember some stimulus more than others.

Question 2

Preattentive Process

Answer 2

Stands out immediately something that is drastically different from items around it.

Question 3

Attentive Process

Answer 3

One that requires searching through the items in series. Wheres Waldo

Question 4

Stroop Effect

Answer 4

The tendency to read the words insead of saying the color (white) but ink is black.

Question 5

Change Blindness

Answer 5

The failure to detect changes in parts of a scene.

Question 6

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

Answer 6

Characterized by easy distraction, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans.

Question 7

Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder (ADHD)

Answer 7

Is the same except with excessive activity and fidgety.

Question 8

Prototypes

Answer 8

Familiar or typical examples

Question 9

Spreading Activation

Answer 9

Thinking about one thing will activate or prime concepts linked to it.

Question 10

Priming

Answer 10

A concept gets started, reading or hearing one word makes it easier to think of or recognize a related word. Seeing something makes it easier to recognize a similar object.

Question 11

Cognition

Answer 11

Thinking and using knowledge

Question 12

Choice Delay Task

Answer 12

Would you prefer a small reward now or a bigger reward later. ADHD more prone to accept immediate gift.

Question 13

Stop Signal Task

Answer 13

Press x key when you see X on the screen and O when you see 0. However if you hear a beep after the flash you should not press the button. If it occurs simultaneously its easy. If the beep is after its usually too late

Question 14

Algorithm

Answer 14

An explicit procedure for calculating or testing every hypothesis.

Question 15

Heuristic

Answer 15

A strategy for simplifying a problem and generating a satisfactory guess.

Question 16

Maximizing

Answer 16

Thoroughly considering as many choices as possible to find the best one.

Question 17

Satisficing

Answer 17

Searching only until you find something satisfactory.

Question 18

Representative Heuristics

Answer 18

The assumption that an item that resembles members of a category is probably also in that category. Looks like a Ufo so you think it is. Looks like a duck, quacks like a duck.

Question 19

Base-rate Information

Answer 19

How common the two categories are.

Question 20

Availability heuristic

Answer 20

The tendency to assume that if we easily think of examples of a category, then that category must be common, you remember more reports of airplane crashes than car rashes so you think air travel is more dangerous.

Question 21

Conformation Bias

Answer 21

Accepting a hypothesis and then looking for evidence to support it instead of considering other possibilities.

Question 22

Sunk Cost Effect

Answer 22

Willingness to do something because of money or effort already spent.

Question 23

Framing Effect

Answer 23

Is an example of cognitive bias, in which people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on whether it is presented as a loss or as a gain. People tend to avoid risks when a positive frame is presented but seek risk when a negative frame is presented.

Question 24

Near Transfer

Answer 24

Benefit to a new skill based on practice of a similar skill

Question 25

Far transfer

Answer 25

Benefit from practicing something less similar, is more difficult

Question 26

Critical Thinking

Answer 26

The careful evaluation of evidence for and against any conclusion.

Question 27

System 1

Answer 27

For quick automatic processes ( such as recognizing familiar face and routine actions) often unconsciously and for questions we think are easy

Question 28

System 2

Answer 28

For mathematical calculations evaluation the evidence and anything else that requires attention.