Chapter 4

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

Is the conservation of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system. The registration of information.

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

the interpretation of that information

Question 3

Stimuli

Answer 3

Energies from the world around us that affect us in some way.

Question 4

Receptors

Answer 4

Specialized cells that convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system.

Question 5

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Answer 5

The continuum of all frequencies of radiated energy from gamma rays and x rays to infrared and radio waves. 400-7000\ nanometers is visible light

Question 6

Pupil

Answer 6

An adjustable opening that widens and narrows to control the amount of light entering the eye.

Question 7

Iris

Answer 7

The colored structure on the surface of the eye surrounding the pupil

Question 8

Retina

Answer 8

A Layer of visual receptors covering the back surface of the eyeball

Question 9

Cornea

Answer 9

A rigid transparent structure on the surface of the eyeball always focuses light in the same way.

Question 10

Lens

Answer 10

A flexible structure that varies its thickness enables the eye to accommodate.

Question 11

Accomodate

Answer 11

To adjust its focus for objects at different distances.

Question 12

Fovea

Answer 12

The central area of the human retina, is adapted for detailed vision.

Question 13

Cones

Answer 13

Are adapted for color vision and detailed vision

Question 14

Rods

Answer 14

Are adapted for vision in dim light.

Question 15

Dark adaptation

Answer 15

Gradual improvement in the ability to see in dim light.

Question 16

Ganglion Cells

Answer 16

Type of neuron located near the inner surface of the retina receives visual info transmit the info to several regions.

Question 17

Optic Nerve

Answer 17

Axons from ganglion cells join to form the optic nerve / transmit visual information from the retina to the brain.

Question 18

Young Helmboltz Theory

Answer 18

Trichromatic Theory - (three colors) says that color vision depends on the response rates of three types of cones.

Question 19

Opponent process theory

Answer 19

We perceive color in terms of paired opposites. red vs green yellow vs blue and white vs black

Question 20

Negative After image

Answer 20

Experience of one color after the removal of another.

Question 21

Color Constancy

Answer 21

Tendency of an object to appear nearly the same color under a variety of lightning conditions.

Question 22

Retinex Theory

Answer 22

The cerebral cortex compares the patterns of light coming from different parts of the retina and synthesizes a color perception for each area.

Question 23

Blind Spot

Answer 23

retinal area where the optic nerve exits.

Question 24

Absolute Sensory Threshold

Answer 24

The intensity at which a given individual detects a stimulus 50% of the time.

Question 25

Signal - Detection Theory

Answer 25

Study of peoples tendencies to make hits, correct rejections, misses and false alarms.

Question 26

Subliminal Perception

Answer 26

The idea that stimuli sometimes influences our behavior even when they are presented so faintly or briefly that we do not perceive them consciously.

Question 27

Feature Detectors

Answer 27

Specialized neurons in the visual cortex, respond to the presence of simple features, such as lines and angles.

Question 28

Waterfall Illusion

Answer 28

If you stare at a waterfall long enough then turn your eyes to a nearby cliff the rocks appear to flow upward.

Question 29

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 29

A field that emphasizes perception of overall patterns.

Question 30

Bottom Up Process

Answer 30

In which tiny elements combine to produce larger items. Immediate response to something without comprehension.

Question 31

Top Down Process

Answer 31

When you apply experience and expectations to interpret each item in context.

Question 32

Figure and Ground

Answer 32

Distinguish the object from the background

Question 33

Reversible Figures

Answer 33

Are figures that can be perceived in more than one way.

Question 34

Proximity

Answer 34

The tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to a group.

Question 35

Similarity

Answer 35

The tendency to perceive similar objects as being a group.

Question 36

Continuation

Answer 36

A filling in of the gaps.

Question 37

Closure

Answer 37

We imagine the rest of the figure to see something that is simple, similar to continuation but with more information

Question 38

Common Fate

Answer 38

We perceive objects as part of the same group if they change or move in similar ways at the same time.

Question 39

Good Figure

Answer 39

A simple, familiar, symmetrical figure

Question 40

Visual Constancy

Answer 40

Our tendency to perceive objects as keeping their shape, size, and color despite distortions in the actual pattern reaching the retina

Question 41

Induced Movement

Answer 41

Incorrectly perceive the object as moving - apparent movement, the moon moving not clouds.

Question 42

Stroboscopic Movement

Answer 42

An illusion of movement created by a rapid succession of stationary images. Motion pictures are actually a sequence of still photos flashed on screen

Question 43

Depth Perception

Answer 43

The perception of distance

Question 44

Retinal Disparity

Answer 44

The difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by the left and right retinas.

Question 45

Convergence

Answer 45

The degree to which they turn in to focus on a close object.

Question 46

Binocular Cues

Answer 46

Depend on both eyes.

Question 47

Monocular Cues

Answer 47

Enable you to judge distance with just one eye or when both eyes see the same image.

Question 48

Motion Parrallax

Answer 48

The difference in speed of movement of images across the retina as you travel

Question 49

Optical Illusion

Answer 49

Misinterpretation of a visual stimulus

Question 50

Moon Illusion

Answer 50

The moon at the horizon appears about 30% larger than it appears when it is higher in the sky.

Question 51

Brightness Contrast

Answer 51

Is the increase or decrease in an objects apparent brightness by comparison to objects around it.