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Intro to Psych > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Is the conservation of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system. The registration of information.

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2
Q

Perception

A

the interpretation of that information

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3
Q

Stimuli

A

Energies from the world around us that affect us in some way.

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4
Q

Receptors

A

Specialized cells that convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system.

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5
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

The continuum of all frequencies of radiated energy from gamma rays and x rays to infrared and radio waves. 400-7000\ nanometers is visible light

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6
Q

Pupil

A

An adjustable opening that widens and narrows to control the amount of light entering the eye.

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7
Q

Iris

A

The colored structure on the surface of the eye surrounding the pupil

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8
Q

Retina

A

A Layer of visual receptors covering the back surface of the eyeball

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9
Q

Cornea

A

A rigid transparent structure on the surface of the eyeball always focuses light in the same way.

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10
Q

Lens

A

A flexible structure that varies its thickness enables the eye to accommodate.

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11
Q

Accomodate

A

To adjust its focus for objects at different distances.

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12
Q

Fovea

A

The central area of the human retina, is adapted for detailed vision.

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13
Q

Cones

A

Are adapted for color vision and detailed vision

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14
Q

Rods

A

Are adapted for vision in dim light.

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15
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Gradual improvement in the ability to see in dim light.

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16
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

Type of neuron located near the inner surface of the retina receives visual info transmit the info to several regions.

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17
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Axons from ganglion cells join to form the optic nerve / transmit visual information from the retina to the brain.

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18
Q

Young Helmboltz Theory

A

Trichromatic Theory - (three colors) says that color vision depends on the response rates of three types of cones.

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19
Q

Opponent process theory

A

We perceive color in terms of paired opposites. red vs green yellow vs blue and white vs black

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20
Q

Negative After image

A

Experience of one color after the removal of another.

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21
Q

Color Constancy

A

Tendency of an object to appear nearly the same color under a variety of lightning conditions.

22
Q

Retinex Theory

A

The cerebral cortex compares the patterns of light coming from different parts of the retina and synthesizes a color perception for each area.

23
Q

Blind Spot

A

retinal area where the optic nerve exits.

24
Q

Absolute Sensory Threshold

A

The intensity at which a given individual detects a stimulus 50% of the time.

25
Q

Signal - Detection Theory

A

Study of peoples tendencies to make hits, correct rejections, misses and false alarms.

26
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

The idea that stimuli sometimes influences our behavior even when they are presented so faintly or briefly that we do not perceive them consciously.

27
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Specialized neurons in the visual cortex, respond to the presence of simple features, such as lines and angles.

28
Q

Waterfall Illusion

A

If you stare at a waterfall long enough then turn your eyes to a nearby cliff the rocks appear to flow upward.

29
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

A field that emphasizes perception of overall patterns.

30
Q

Bottom Up Process

A

In which tiny elements combine to produce larger items. Immediate response to something without comprehension.

31
Q

Top Down Process

A

When you apply experience and expectations to interpret each item in context.

32
Q

Figure and Ground

A

Distinguish the object from the background

33
Q

Reversible Figures

A

Are figures that can be perceived in more than one way.

34
Q

Proximity

A

The tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to a group.

35
Q

Similarity

A

The tendency to perceive similar objects as being a group.

36
Q

Continuation

A

A filling in of the gaps.

37
Q

Closure

A

We imagine the rest of the figure to see something that is simple, similar to continuation but with more information

38
Q

Common Fate

A

We perceive objects as part of the same group if they change or move in similar ways at the same time.

39
Q

Good Figure

A

A simple, familiar, symmetrical figure

40
Q

Visual Constancy

A

Our tendency to perceive objects as keeping their shape, size, and color despite distortions in the actual pattern reaching the retina

41
Q

Induced Movement

A

Incorrectly perceive the object as moving - apparent movement, the moon moving not clouds.

42
Q

Stroboscopic Movement

A

An illusion of movement created by a rapid succession of stationary images. Motion pictures are actually a sequence of still photos flashed on screen

43
Q

Depth Perception

A

The perception of distance

44
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

The difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by the left and right retinas.

45
Q

Convergence

A

The degree to which they turn in to focus on a close object.

46
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Depend on both eyes.

47
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Enable you to judge distance with just one eye or when both eyes see the same image.

48
Q

Motion Parrallax

A

The difference in speed of movement of images across the retina as you travel

49
Q

Optical Illusion

A

Misinterpretation of a visual stimulus

50
Q

Moon Illusion

A

The moon at the horizon appears about 30% larger than it appears when it is higher in the sky.

51
Q

Brightness Contrast

A

Is the increase or decrease in an objects apparent brightness by comparison to objects around it.

Intro to Psych (18 decks)

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