Chapter 5.1

Question 1

Cross-sectional study

Answer 1

compares groups of individuals of different ages at the same time.

Question 2

Longitudinal study

Answer 2

Follows a single group of individuals as they develop

Question 3

Selective attrition

Answer 3

Is the tendency for certain kinds of people to drop out of a study

Question 4

Sequential design

Answer 4

A researcher starts with people of different ages and studies them again at later times.

Question 5

Cohort

Answer 5

is a group of people born at a particular time or a group of people who enter an organization at a particular time (People of different generations differ in many ways, called covert effect.s)

Question 6

Zygote

Answer 6

A fertilized egg cell

Question 7

Fetus

Answer 7

About 8 weeks after conception

Question 8

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 8

a condition marked by malformations of the face, heart, and ears; and nerve us system damage, including seizures, hyperactivity and impairments of learning, memory, problem solving, attention, and motor coordination

Question 9

Habituation

Answer 9

is decreased response to a repeated stimulus.

Question 10

Dishabituation

Answer 10

When a change in a stimulus increases a previously habituated response.

Question 11

Schema

Answer 11

is an organized way of interacting with objects

Question 12

Assimilation

Answer 12

applying an old schema to new objects or problems. For example when a child sees animals move and then sees the sun and moon move, the child may assume that the sun and moon are alive

Question 13

Accommodation

Answer 13

modifying an old schema to fit a new object or problem. For example a child ma learn “only living things move on their own” is a rule with exceptions and that the sun and moon are not alive.

Question 14

Equilibration

Answer 14

is the establishment of harmony or balance between assimilation and accommodation, according to Piaget equilibration is the key to intellectual growth.

Question 15

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 15

at this early age (the first 1 n half to 2 years) behavior is mostly simple motor responses to sensory stimuli for example the grasp reflex and the sucking reflex.

Question 16

Preoperational stage

Answer 16

the child lacks Operations - which are reversible mental processes. For a boy to understand that his brother has a brother, he must be able to reverse the concept of having a brother

Question 17

Egocentric

Answer 17

A child sees the world as centered around himself or herself and cannot easily take another person’s perspective

Question 18

Theory of mind

Answer 18

Which is an understanding that other people have a mind, too and that each person knows some things that other people don’t know.

Question 19

Conservation ( of volume )

Answer 19

They fail to understand that objects conserve such properties as number, length, volume, area, and mass after changes in the shape or arrangement of the objects.

Question 20

Stage of Concrete Operations

Answer 20

Children perform mental operations on concrete objects but still have trouble with abstract or hypothetical ideas. For example ask this questions; How could you move a mountain of whipped cream from onside of the city to the other?” older children enjoy devising imaginative answers, but children in the concrete operation stage complain that the question is silly.

Question 21

Stage of formal operations

Answer 21

adolescents develop logical, deductive reasoning and systematic planning.

Question 22

Zone of proximal development

Answer 22

the distance between what a child can do alone and what is possible with help

Question 23

Object Permanence

Answer 23

The idea that objects continue to exist even when we do not see or hear them.