Chapter 7

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Is the retention of information

Question 2

Free recall

Answer 2

to recall something is to produce a response, as you do on essay tests or short answer test “for example name all the kids in your second grade class”

Question 3

Cued recall

Answer 3

Where you receive significant hints about the material. “for example a photo of your second grade class”

Question 4

Recognition

Answer 4

Choosing the correct item among several options “for example a list of 60 names and asked to check off the correct names of the kids in your second grade class.

Question 5

Savings Method

Answer 5

(Relearning method) detect weak memories by comparing the speed of original learning to the speed of relearning. even if you didn’t recognize the list of names it would be easier to relearn the names rather than learning a list of new names.

Question 6

Explicit (Direct)

Answer 6

Someone who states an answer regards it as a product of memory. The intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. (remembering the time of an appointment or recalling an event from years ago. )

Question 7

Implicit (Indirect) Memory

Answer 7

An experience influences what you say or do even though you might not be aware of the influence. “An example suppose your in a conversation while other people nearby are discussing something else. You ignore the other discussion but a few words from the background conversation probably creep into your own. You don’t notice the influence but the observer might.

Question 8

Primes

Answer 8

reading of hearing a word temporarily primes that word and increases the chance you will use it yourself.

Question 9

Procedural Memories

Answer 9

Memories of how to do something such as walking or eating with chopsticks.

Question 10

Declarative Memories

Answer 10

Memories we can readily state in your words. Sometimes referred to as explicit memory, one of two types of long term memory refers to memories that can be consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge.

Question 11

Information-processing model

Answer 11

Comparing to computer - information that enters the system is processed, coded, and stored. SS - WM - LTM (sensory store working memory long term memory)

Question 12

Short Term Memory

Answer 12

Temporary storage of recent events.

Question 13

Long term memory

Answer 13

A relatively permanent store.

Question 14

Semantic Memory

Answer 14

Memory of principals, facts, ideas and concepts. Names, colors, the sounds of letters, basic facts.

Question 15

Episodic Memory

Answer 15

Memory for specific events in your life, past personal experiences.

Question 16

Source Amnesia

Answer 16

Forgetting where or how you learned something.

Question 17

Chunking

Answer 17

Grouping items into meaningful sequences or clusters.

Question 18

Consolidate

Answer 18

Converting a short term memory into long term memory.

Question 19

Working Memory

Answer 19

(RAM) A system for working with current information.

Question 20

Executive functioning

Answer 20

Governs shifts of attention

Question 21

Ebbinghau’s Approach

Answer 21

Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered the experimental study of memory by testing his own ability to memorize and retain list of nonsense syllables.

Question 22

Suspect Lineups

Answer 22

Example of the recognition method of testing memory. Unfortunately witness sometimes choose the best available choice and then decide they are sure.

Question 23

Children as Eyewitnesses

Answer 23

Even young children can provide accurate eyewitness reports if they are asked unbiased questions soon after the event.

Question 24

Primacy Effect

Answer 24

The tendency to remember well the first items.

Question 25

Recency Effect

Answer 25

The tendency to remember the final items.

Question 26

Depth of processing model

Answer 26

How easily you retrieve a memory depends on the number and types of associations you form.
Superficial processing - repeat the material to be remebered, hawk oriole, tiger, timberwolf, blue jay, bull
Deeper processing - think about each item Note that two start with T and two start with B
Still deeper processing - Note that three are birds and three are mamals also three are major league baseball teams three are NBA teams use what means the most to you

Question 27

Retrieval Cues

Answer 27

Form many associations, many possible reminders, Stimuli that help you retrieve a certain memory.

Question 28

Encoding Specificity Principal

Answer 28

The associations you form at the time of learning will be the most effective retrieval cues later. When forming a memory you link it to the way you thought about it at the time.

Question 29

Mnemonic Device

Answer 29

Any memory aid based on encoding items in a special way. EGBDF every good boy does fine.

Question 30

Method of Loci

Answer 30

(method of places) First you memorize a series of places and then you use a vivid image to associate each location with something you want to remember.

Question 31

Hyperamnesia

Answer 31

The gain of memory overtime trying to remember something, on the second time trying you can remember more than the first time.

Question 32

Recontsruct

Answer 32

During an experience you construct a memory. When you try to recall that memory you reconstruct an account based partly on surviving memories and partly on your expectation of what must have happened.

Question 33

Hindsight Bias

Answer 33

The tendency to mold over recollection of the past to fit how events later turn out. Knew it all along effect or creeping determinism.

Question 34

Story Memory

Answer 34

Someone whose memory of a story has faded relies on the gist, omits detail that seemed irrelevant, and adds or changes other facts to fit the logic of the story.

Question 35

Influences on memory encoding

Answer 35

High interest enhances memory coding.

Question 36

Variation in learning

Answer 36

Long term memory is best if you study under varying conditions. Spreading out examples is better than studying many examples of the same thing at one time.

Question 37

Advantages of Testing

Answer 37

Alternating between reading and testing enhances long term memory better than spending the same amount of time just reading.

Question 38

Proactive Interference

Answer 38

The old materials increase forgetting of new materials (Acting forward in time, easier to forget new material)

Question 39

Retroactive Interference

Answer 39

The new materials increase forgetting of old materials ( Acting backward ) easier to forget old material

Question 40

Recovered Memories

Answer 40

recovering old long lost memories, prompted by clinical techniques.

Question 41

Repression

Answer 41

The process of moving an unbearably unacceptable memory or impulse from the conscious mind to the unconscious.

Question 42

Dissociation

Answer 42

Memory that one has stored but cannot retrieve.

Question 43

False Memory

Answer 43

An inaccurate report that someone believes to be a memory

Question 44

Amnesia

Answer 44

Loss of memory

Question 45

Hippocampus

Answer 45

Large fore brain structure in the interior of the temporal lobe involved in memory strong, forming, organizing. (Role of the hippocampus many functions one is to bind together all the details and context of an event. With an unhealthy hippocampus one is left with only the gist of the event.

Question 46

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 46

Inability to store new long term memories.

Question 47

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 47

Loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before the brain damage.

Question 48

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Answer 48

A condition caused by prolonged deficiency of vitamin B (Thiamine) usually result of chronic alcoholism, the deficiency leads to widespread shrinkage or loss of neurons, especially in the prefrontal cortex.

Question 49

Confabulations

Answer 49

Attempts to fill the gaps in memory.

Question 50

Alzhemier’s Disease

Answer 50

A condition occuring mostly in old age, characterized by increasingly severe memory loss, confusion, depression, disordered thinking and impaired attention.

Question 51

Infant or Child hood Amnesia

Answer 51

The scarcity of early episodic memories