Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Is the retention of information

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2
Q

Free recall

A

to recall something is to produce a response, as you do on essay tests or short answer test “for example name all the kids in your second grade class”

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3
Q

Cued recall

A

Where you receive significant hints about the material. “for example a photo of your second grade class”

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4
Q

Recognition

A

Choosing the correct item among several options “for example a list of 60 names and asked to check off the correct names of the kids in your second grade class.

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5
Q

Savings Method

A

(Relearning method) detect weak memories by comparing the speed of original learning to the speed of relearning. even if you didn’t recognize the list of names it would be easier to relearn the names rather than learning a list of new names.

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6
Q

Explicit (Direct)

A

Someone who states an answer regards it as a product of memory. The intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. (remembering the time of an appointment or recalling an event from years ago. )

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7
Q

Implicit (Indirect) Memory

A

An experience influences what you say or do even though you might not be aware of the influence. “An example suppose your in a conversation while other people nearby are discussing something else. You ignore the other discussion but a few words from the background conversation probably creep into your own. You don’t notice the influence but the observer might.

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8
Q

Primes

A

reading of hearing a word temporarily primes that word and increases the chance you will use it yourself.

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9
Q

Procedural Memories

A

Memories of how to do something such as walking or eating with chopsticks.

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10
Q

Declarative Memories

A

Memories we can readily state in your words. Sometimes referred to as explicit memory, one of two types of long term memory refers to memories that can be consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge.

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11
Q

Information-processing model

A

Comparing to computer - information that enters the system is processed, coded, and stored. SS - WM - LTM (sensory store working memory long term memory)

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12
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Temporary storage of recent events.

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13
Q

Long term memory

A

A relatively permanent store.

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14
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Memory of principals, facts, ideas and concepts. Names, colors, the sounds of letters, basic facts.

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15
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory for specific events in your life, past personal experiences.

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16
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Forgetting where or how you learned something.

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17
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping items into meaningful sequences or clusters.

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18
Q

Consolidate

A

Converting a short term memory into long term memory.

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19
Q

Working Memory

A

(RAM) A system for working with current information.

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20
Q

Executive functioning

A

Governs shifts of attention

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21
Q

Ebbinghau’s Approach

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered the experimental study of memory by testing his own ability to memorize and retain list of nonsense syllables.

22
Q

Suspect Lineups

A

Example of the recognition method of testing memory. Unfortunately witness sometimes choose the best available choice and then decide they are sure.

23
Q

Children as Eyewitnesses

A

Even young children can provide accurate eyewitness reports if they are asked unbiased questions soon after the event.

24
Q

Primacy Effect

A

The tendency to remember well the first items.

25
Q

Recency Effect

A

The tendency to remember the final items.

26
Q

Depth of processing model

A

How easily you retrieve a memory depends on the number and types of associations you form.
Superficial processing - repeat the material to be remebered, hawk oriole, tiger, timberwolf, blue jay, bull
Deeper processing - think about each item Note that two start with T and two start with B
Still deeper processing - Note that three are birds and three are mamals also three are major league baseball teams three are NBA teams use what means the most to you

27
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

Form many associations, many possible reminders, Stimuli that help you retrieve a certain memory.

28
Q

Encoding Specificity Principal

A

The associations you form at the time of learning will be the most effective retrieval cues later. When forming a memory you link it to the way you thought about it at the time.

29
Q

Mnemonic Device

A

Any memory aid based on encoding items in a special way. EGBDF every good boy does fine.

30
Q

Method of Loci

A

(method of places) First you memorize a series of places and then you use a vivid image to associate each location with something you want to remember.

31
Q

Hyperamnesia

A

The gain of memory overtime trying to remember something, on the second time trying you can remember more than the first time.

32
Q

Recontsruct

A

During an experience you construct a memory. When you try to recall that memory you reconstruct an account based partly on surviving memories and partly on your expectation of what must have happened.

33
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to mold over recollection of the past to fit how events later turn out. Knew it all along effect or creeping determinism.

34
Q

Story Memory

A

Someone whose memory of a story has faded relies on the gist, omits detail that seemed irrelevant, and adds or changes other facts to fit the logic of the story.

35
Q

Influences on memory encoding

A

High interest enhances memory coding.

36
Q

Variation in learning

A

Long term memory is best if you study under varying conditions. Spreading out examples is better than studying many examples of the same thing at one time.

37
Q

Advantages of Testing

A

Alternating between reading and testing enhances long term memory better than spending the same amount of time just reading.

38
Q

Proactive Interference

A

The old materials increase forgetting of new materials (Acting forward in time, easier to forget new material)

39
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

The new materials increase forgetting of old materials ( Acting backward ) easier to forget old material

40
Q

Recovered Memories

A

recovering old long lost memories, prompted by clinical techniques.

41
Q

Repression

A

The process of moving an unbearably unacceptable memory or impulse from the conscious mind to the unconscious.

42
Q

Dissociation

A

Memory that one has stored but cannot retrieve.

43
Q

False Memory

A

An inaccurate report that someone believes to be a memory

44
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

45
Q

Hippocampus

A

Large fore brain structure in the interior of the temporal lobe involved in memory strong, forming, organizing. (Role of the hippocampus many functions one is to bind together all the details and context of an event. With an unhealthy hippocampus one is left with only the gist of the event.

46
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to store new long term memories.

47
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before the brain damage.

48
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

A condition caused by prolonged deficiency of vitamin B (Thiamine) usually result of chronic alcoholism, the deficiency leads to widespread shrinkage or loss of neurons, especially in the prefrontal cortex.

49
Q

Confabulations

A

Attempts to fill the gaps in memory.

50
Q

Alzhemier’s Disease

A

A condition occuring mostly in old age, characterized by increasingly severe memory loss, confusion, depression, disordered thinking and impaired attention.

51
Q

Infant or Child hood Amnesia

A

The scarcity of early episodic memories