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chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA replication

A

The process by which a cell copies its DNA before dividing so that each new cell has a complete set of DNA

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2
Q

What is meant by a semiconservative model of DNA replication?

A

A DNA double helix that includes one complete strand from the original molecule

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3
Q

What is the functions of DNA helicase,

A

unwinds the double helix

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4
Q

What is the functions of DNA polymerase

A

adds nucleotides to form new strands

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5
Q

What is the functions of DNA ligase?

A

forms covalent bonds between adjacent DNA segments

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6
Q

What are the functions of binding proteins and primase?

A

BP: stabilizes each strand, preventing them from rejoining

Primase: makes a short stretch of RNA on the DNA template

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7
Q

What are leading strands?

A

A leading strand is when replication proceeds continuously on only one new DNA strand

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8
Q

What are lagging strands?

A

When replication occurs in short 5’ to 3’ pieces

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9
Q

What is a replication fork

A

When the DNA is unwound by DNA helicase it creates a y-shaped region where the two strands are separated.

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10
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

short pieces of DNA formed by the lagging strands

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11
Q

In which direction is DNA replication continuous?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

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12
Q

What are the parent and daughter strands?

A

Parental strands: The original DNA strands that serve as templates for the new strands

Daughter strands: The new DNA strands that are synthesized from the parental strands

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13
Q

What is a replication “bubble?”

A

An open region of DNA where DNA replication occurs.

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14
Q

What is binary fission?

A

type of asexual reproduction in which a prokaryotic cell divides into two identical cells

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15
Q

What are the four stages of binary
fission of prokaryotes?

A

duplication, elongation, pinching/deposition,
and division

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16
Q

What are mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mit- one way cells reproduce
mei- another way a nucleus divides

17
Q

What are two functions of cell division?

A

1) So life can continue
2) growth

18
Q

What are two reasons that
chromosomes condense before cell division?

A

1) to be transported easier
2) to be able to be copied

19
Q

what are histones

A

A protein (8 forms a nucleosome)

20
Q

what are nucleosomes

A

its a spool that DNA wraps around

21
Q

what are centromeres?

A

attaches sister chromatids to each other.

22
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

The life cycle of the cell

23
Q

What is interphase

A

(A resting phase) where the cell replicates dna and grows

24
Q

What generally occurs during G1, S, G2?

A

G1: The cell grows
S: DNA is synthesized
G2: Cell continues to grow

25
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

A

Mitosis is nuclear division and cytokinesis is cellular division

26
Q

When does cytokinesis begin?

A

Begins during telophase

27
Q

What general events occur during prophase

A

The nucleus dissolves and chromosomes condense

28
Q

What general events occur during prometaphase

A

The phase between prophase and metaphase that explains how the chromosomes get to the middle

29
Q

What general events occur during metaphase,

A

chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

30
Q

What general events occur during
anaphase

A

Where copies of the chromosomes are being separated

31
Q

What general events occur during telophase?

A

New nucleus forms and chromosomes unravel

32
Q

What is the mitotic spindle and when does it form?

A

Its a structure made of microtubules and Forms in prophase

33
Q

What are kinetochores

A

A structure that microtubules attach too

34
Q

How do animal cells undergo cytokinesis?

A

The cleavage furrow is when the animal cell pinches itself to undergo cytokinesis

35
Q

How do plant cells undergo cytokinesis?

A

Plant cells have to create a cell plate to undergo cytokinesis

36
Q

here in the cell cycle are the four major checkpoints?

A

G1/S checkpoint:

Intra-S checkpoint:

G2/M checkpoint:

M (metaphase) checkpoint:

37
Q

What are tumors?

A

A tumor is a abnormal mass of tissue resulting from cells dividing out of control

38
Q

What are benign tumors and malignant tumors?

A

B: mass of abnormal cells that do not have the potential to spread
m: mass of abnormal cells that has the potential to spread throughout the body

bio (13 decks)

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