chapter 4 Flashcards
what is energy
The ability to do work
What are potential and kinetic energy
pot- stored energy
kin- energy that is doing work
what are the 3 types of work required by cells
- chemical
- transport
- mechanical
what are the first and second laws of thermodynamics
- The law of energy conservation: energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- energy transformations are not efficient
what is entropy
the chaos that ensues when cell dont have energy
what is metabolism
the collection of all reactions happening in a cell
what is a chemical work
energy for chemical reactions
what is transport work
energy to transport things in and out of the cell
what is mechanical work
energy to move things within a cell
what is a exergonic reaction
a reaction that releases energy
what is a endergonic reaction
a reaction that gain energy
What are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions?
A reaction when electrons are lost and gained
What is an electron transport chain
the movement of electrons through the membrane to get work done.
what is cellular currency
atp
What are the three components of ATP?
3 phosphate groups (triphosphate), Ribose, and adenine
What is the equation for the exergonic hydrolysis of ATP?
ATP + H2O = ADP + P + energy
What is the
equation for the endergonic dehydration of ADP?
ADP + P + energy = ATP + H2O
What are coupled reactions
2 simultaneous chemical reactions, one provides the energy that drives the other
what are phosphorylation reaction
the addition of phosphate to a molecule
what are enzymes
catalysts which speeds the the of a reaction
What are the active and allosteric binding sites?
regions we find on an enzymes
what is activation energy
The amount of energy that is required for a reaction to occur
what is negative feedback
They have to be regulated
What are competitive inhibition?
when the inhibitor blocks the active cite
What are
noncompetitive inhibition?
When the inhibitor blocks the allosteric binding cite
What are selective permeability
the ability of a membrane to control what substances can pass through it
What are concentration gradients?
difference in solute concentration
what is passive transport
movement without the input of energy
what is diffusion
the movement of substances from a high to low concentration, until there is an equal concentration
What are simple and facilitated diffusion?
simple- moving things into a cells membrane without aid
facilitated- requires assistance
what is osmosis
the diffusion of water
what are the terms of tonicity
hypertonic (more solutes), hypotonic (less solutes), isotonic (sane solutes)
What is the meaning of these terms and their impact on osmosis in red blood cells?
it will either shrink (hypertonic), swell and potentially burst (hypotonic), or remain unchanged (isotonic)
what is active transport
the offset of diffusion
what are endocytosis
how to move things (1. large things, 2. polar things like water, 3. and charged things.) into a cell
what are exocytosis?
how to move things (1. large things, 2. polar things like water, 3. and charged things.) out of a cell
What is phagocytosis?
cells eating
