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Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are genes

A

instructions to make proteins

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2
Q

What are alleles

A

an alternative form of genes

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3
Q

What are autosomes and sex chromosomes?

A

Autosomes: Chromosomes that have nothing to do with sex determination
Sex chromosomes: Chromosomes that have something to do with sex determination

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4
Q

What are true-breeding individuals?

A

Homozygous

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5
Q

What are hybrid individuals?

A

Heterozygous

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6
Q

What is self-fertilization

A

An individual crossing gametes with itself

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7
Q

What is cross-fertilization?

A

The exchange of gametes between 2 individuals

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8
Q

What are dominant alleles

A

suppresses the effect over the recessive alleles

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9
Q

What are recessive alleles?

A

alleles whose expression is masked by dominant alleles

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10
Q

What is the genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

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11
Q

What are homozygous and heterozygous genotypes?

A

Homo means 1 type and hetero means 2 types

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12
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

observable characteristics

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13
Q

What are wild and mutant alleles?

A

Wild alleles: The most common form
mutant alleles: the least common form

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14
Q

What are the P, F1, and F2 generations?

A

P: parent generation
F1: offspring of parents
F2: Crossing of F1

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15
Q

What are monohybrid crosses?

A

mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for the one gene

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16
Q

what’s a dihybrid cross

A

mating between two individuals that are both heterozygous for two genes

17
Q

what are Punnett squares

A

diagram that uses the genotypes of the parents to reveal the possible results of a genetic cross

18
Q

What are four of the seven pea plant traits studied by Mendel?

A

seed color
seed form
pod color
pod form

19
Q

What are two reasons that Mendel studied pea plants?

A

They’re small
good reproductive capacity

20
Q

What are the three main inheritance patterns?

A

Complete dominance
incomplete dominance
codominance

21
Q

How many alleles and phenotypes are there in complete dominance

A

2 alleles and 2 phenotypes

22
Q

How many alleles and phenotypes are there incomplete dominance

A

2 alleles and 3 phenotypes

23
Q

How many alleles and phenotypes are there codominance

A

3 alleles and 4 phenotypes

24
Q

write ABO blood genotypes

A
25
Q

write abo surface molecules

A
26
Q

What are sex-lined genes?

A

genes located on the sex chromosomes (X and Y),

27
Q

What are pleiotropy traits?

A

genes can affect many outcomes

28
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

many genes can affect one trait

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