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bio > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

What are the 3 prime (3’) ends?

A

the end of a nucleic acid strand terminating at the third carbon of a sugar molecule

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3
Q

What are the 5 prime (5’) ends?

A

the end of a nucleic acid strand terminating at the fifth carbon of a sugar molecule

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4
Q

Which bases in DNA and RNA are complimentary?

A

DNA: A-T, C-G
RNA: A-U, C-G

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5
Q

Which bases are purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines: A and G
Pyrimidines: C and T

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6
Q

what is the structural significance of these bases?

A

purines: two rings
pyrimidines: one ring

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7
Q

What type of bond holds complementary bases together?

A

hydrogen bond

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8
Q

What is an organism’s genome?

A

all the genes an organism possesses

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9
Q

What are chromosomes

A

a DNA molecule wrapped around proteins

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10
Q

what are genes

A

a sequence of DNA

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11
Q

What is the “central dogma” of biology?

A

DNA-RNA-Protein

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12
Q

What are transcription and translation?

A

Transcription: DNA-RNA
Translation: RNA-Proteins

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13
Q

Where do these processes occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

Transcription: nucleus
Translation: ribosomes

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14
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their sugar

A

Deoxyribose sugar in dna
ribose in rna

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15
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their nucleotide bases

A

DNA has thymine
RNA has Uracil

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16
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their form

A

DNA is double stranded
RNA generally single stranded

17
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their functions.

A

DNA: stores RNA
RNA: Makes Proteins

18
Q

What are the three types of RNA involved in the synthesis of proteins, and what are their specific functions?

A

mRNA: Messenger RNA= Delivers a copy to ribosomes
rRNA: Ribosomal RNA= makes up ribosomes
tRNA: transport RNA= delivers amino acids

19
Q

What are the three steps of transcription?

A

initiation, elongation, and
termination

20
Q

What generally occurs during initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to and unzips DNA

21
Q

What generally occurs during elongation

A

RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand and adds complementary nucleotides.

22
Q

What generally occurs during termination

A

RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA and releases RNA strand

23
Q

What are the functions
of RNA polymerase?

A

opens double helix and dna can be copied into the language of RNA

24
Q

What are the template strand

A

the strands that transcribed

25
Q

What are the promoter

A

where transcription begins

26
Q

What are the template terminator?

A

where transcription ends

27
Q

What are the cap and tail?

A

The group at the beginning (5’ end) is called a cap, while the group at the end (3’ end) is called a tail.

28
Q

What are two functions of the 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail?

A

They protect mRNA and help ribosomes attach to proteins

29
Q

What are introns and exons, and which is
removed before translation?

A

introns: noncoding regions (removed)
Exons: coding regions

30
Q

what are the genetic code

A

the way cells read rna to know what protein to assemble

31
Q

codons?

A

a triplet of mRNA bases that specifies a particular amino acid or a “stop” signal

32
Q

What are the three steps of translation? And what happens?

A

initiation: translation begins
elongation: Ribosomes move along mRNA attaching amino acids to polypeptides
and termination: Comes to a stop

33
Q

what is gene regulation

A

How to control the expression of genes

34
Q

what is an operon

A

group of genes that controls the transcription of the entire group of genes

35
Q

what are the operator and repressor

A

operator: the on-off switch
repressor: blocks transcription

36
Q

What is the function
of lac operon?

A

it breaks down lactose by making enzymes

37
Q

In the absence of lactose, does transcription of genes occur?

A

no

38
Q

In the presence of lactose,
does transcription of genes in the operon occur?

A

yes

39
Q

What is the purpose of the proteins produced?

A

to break down lactose if its available

bio (13 decks)

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