chapter 8 Flashcards
masonry and ordinary construction
primary benefit of masonry comments is their durability and inherent resistance to W F I
weather, fire and insects p.217
drawnbacks to masonry construction include
long term deterioration of mortar joints, and its labor intensive. p.218
most common types of stone used in construction include :
limestone
sandstone
brownstone
granite
marble
slate
horizontal lay of brick is how long
8 inches p. 219
most commonly used cement consisting of calcium and aluminum slate
portland cement
expansion of excess moisture within masonry materials resulting in tensile forces within materials and causing it to break apart
spalling
what are the most common concrete masonry units
hollow concrete block
what type blocks where commonly used for construction of interior partitions ?
clay tile block and gypsum block ( older buildings)
what type of tile was was popular for decorative effects and may still be found in may older building
fired clay tile also know as ( structural terra cotta )
what is used frequently where smooth, easily cleaned surface is desired such as shower rooms, kitchens or corridors
structural glazed tile
what is used to fill in windows in existing building
glass block p. 220
what is the most inherent part of most( but not all ) masonry construction ?
mortar
what bonds individual units to each other ( seals each unit )
mortar
what joints are of ten the weakest part of a wall in mansory
mortar
mortar is available in 5 basic types with compression strengths ranging from
75 -2500
most ‘’ is produced form a mixture of:
portland cement, hydrated lime , sand and water
mortar
until 1890 mortar was completely produced with ‘’’’’ as the bonding agent instead of portland cement
lime
Wall construction masonry wall that has not been undermined or weakened is usually the last structural component to ‘’ in wood ‘’ building
Structural component to fail in a wood joisted building.
ordinary construction is also known as
masonry wood joisted
in Modern Practices, truss joist and wood roof trusses are often used in place of traditional ‘’ and ‘’
traditional soild joist and rafters
masonry buildings supported by unprotected steel structure framing are classified as
type 2 -b
in modern practice materials used in the most commonly encoded load bearing masonry walls include
brick, concrete block combo of brick and block p. 223
single vertical column of masonry units in a wall. usually brick or concrete block
wythe p.223
the simplest brick wall consisit of a single
wythe
horizontal layer of individual masonry units
course
bricks placed end to end
stretcher
bricks placed vertically to end
soldier
bricks placed with ends facing out
header p. 225
a masonry wall that is reinforced with steel have reduced ?
reduced thickness
a common support for masonry walls is a series of vertical ‘’’’ place b/tw 2 adjacent ‘’ of brick walls
steel rods placed b/tw 2 adjacent wythes of bricks walls
in what masonry does a brick wythe commonly used in combo with concrete block wythe( 1 wythe of concrete blocks w/ a brick wythe attached to the outside)
concrete block brick faced
Cavity between wythe are filled with ? mixture of cement, aggregate and water that hardens over time .
grout
Metal ties are frequently attached to what for masonry curtain WALLS
metal or wood studs
a what wall is an extra brick wall constructed with a vertical cavity b’tw exterior with and the interior wythe
cavity
reinforcement of masonry walls can take other forms and can include:
B
FB
P
buttresses, flying buttresses , pilasters p.226
more modern masonry buildings have ‘’ systems using material including:
masonry colums or interior bearing walls
steal beams or trusses
wood
interior framing
In many application wood joist or beams simply rest on masonry walls which is known as ‘’’’ and ‘’ inches deep to provide plenty of room
beam pocket ( 7 inches deep to provide plenty of room )p. 227
structure projected from a wall designed to receive lateral pressure action at a particular point .. seen from exterior
buttress
rectangular masonry pilar that extends from the face or a wall to provide additional support for the wall
pilasters.227
end of a wood joist or beam will be cut as a slight angle is this known as
fire cut
purpose of a fire cut is for the ‘’’’ in case of a structural collapse
beam to fall away freely from a wall
masonry over an opening is supported by the use of x3
lintel, arch or corbel
beam over an opening in a mansard wall ( usually made of steel angels )
lintel
materials used in lintels include
steel , reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry p.228
bracket or ledge made of stone, wood , brick or other building material projecting from the face of a wall or column used to support a beam , cornice or arch
corbel
what is used to improve the aestics of an arch
corbelling p.228
what is an extension of a masonry or steel wall that projects above the roof 1 ft or more
parapet wall p.229
what can make parapet walls lose structural integrity during fire opts
exposure to high winds,
roof collapse
impact from aerial ladder
master stream
flat horizontal or vertical board located at the outer face of a cornice, broad flat surface over a storefront or below a cornice
fascia
concealed space near the eave of a building, usually overhangs the area adjacent to exterior walls
cornice
building collapse when
supports fail
collapse zones are typically ‘’ the height of a building
1.5x p. 230
collapse of masonry walls often occur when interior ‘’’ fails
interior wood framing fails
factors that effect a buildings ‘’’ include:
collapsing interior floors or roofs, that cause horizontal forces and pull walls out
collapse of interior framing
steel within a reinforced walll
integrity
strongest points of masonry buildings are:
C
S
E
corners, stairwells, elevators shafts. 231
1 potential problem with tie rods is
they can be heated during a fire and stretch and weaken a wall
’’ used where repairs have been undertaken are likely to be:
less compatible ( steel channels may be used)
not uniformly positioned on a wall
found in conjunction w/ other repairs p. 233
bearing plates
masonry walls can ‘’ from several cause including:
erosion of mortar /steel due to elements ( freeze/thaw cycle of weather)
shifts in foundation can cause cracks and misalignments of support
wooden interior members rot and shfit from long term exposure to moisture p. 234
deteriorate
Where can bearing plates usually be seen?
Exterior of the building page 232
What are corbels used to support? (p. 228), they are used to improve ‘’
Arches
aesthetics
The flat horizontal or vertical board located at the outer face of a cornice is known as what? (p. 230)
Soffit
What type of buttress includes a gap between the lower part of the support and the structure
Flying buttress
’’ was frequently used for columns during the 19th century.
Cast iron
’’ tile blocks and ‘’’ blocks where building materials once widely used for the construction of interior partitions?
Clay tile blocks and gypsum blocks.
WHAT IS :
A flat horizontal or vertical board located at the outer face of a cornice.
A broad flat surface over a storefront or below a cornice.
A false front that can create a combustible void that is not normally encountered with masonry walls.
FASCIA
Nonreinforced masonry walls are usually limited to a maximum height of around ____ stories.
6
brownstone is a form of -‘’’
SANDSTONE `
WHAT masonry would have the lowest compressive strength?
Concrete masonry units
The building is being stabilized through the presence of steel tie rods equipped with turnbuckles that extend through the masonry walls, parallel to the joists is the presence of ‘’’
bearing plates
How can you tell if a masonry wall is reinforced or nonreinforced?
examine pre incident planning
Ordinary construction/ masonry wood joisted is known as what type of construction
3
the cement-like liquid material that hardens and bonds individual masonry units into a solid mass is
mortar
A wall construction system that includes one wythe of concrete blocks with a brick wythe attached to the outside is known as a -
Concrete block brick faced
The formation of cracks and the misalignment of a wall can occur because of which of the following reasons?
Foundation shifting
By using reinforced masonry, it is possible to construct load-bearing masonry walls to the height of 10 stories or more having a wall thickness of only –
12 in
A building being stabilized through the presence of steel tie rods equipped with turnbuckles that extend through the masonry walls, parallel to the joists means there is a presence of ‘’’ visible from the outside of the building
Bearing plates
Walls constructed with fire-rated concrete masonry units or bricks can have fire-resistance ratings of -
2-4 hours
