chapter 7 Flashcards
wood construction
types of wood used in construction are softwoods including ?
pine , fir and spruce
some ‘’’ are related to the natural growth of trees and include:
wood is never dimensional true
weather effects size and shape
wood does to shrink or swell uniformly
intrinsic defects include knots, knotholes, decay insect damage, splits and warping
wood strength varies significantly with species, grade, age and growth rate of tree
wood strength changes overtime after components are placed un use
disadvantage to wood
solid lumber includes:
DL
B
T
dimensional lumber , boards and timbers
lumber with standard measurements for use in building construction
dimensional lumber
actual dimensions of processed lumber do not match the
nominal dimensions of lumber
dimensional lumber is available in lengths of
8-24 ft p. 182
standard tensile strength of wood is :’’’ PSI
700 psi
most structural lumber has level of moisture of
19 % or less
moisture is expressed in terms of
specific gravity
mass of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temp
specific gravity
direction of growth of a tree
grain
wood is stronger ‘’ to the grain than ‘’ the grain
parellel / against
other factors that will contribute to the component strength include:
M
S
S
OF FASTERNERS AND APPLIED POSITION IN RESPECT TO THE ‘’ OF THE WOOD
material , shape and size of fasterners and applied position in respect to the grain of wood
Bonding pieces of wood with glue or resin to form finished shapes is ‘’ wood ? Components are rated according to the amount of weight they can carry once complete advantages of strength and cost efficiency disadvantages would be failure and fire conditions went unprotected.
engineered wood
what wood provides the advantages of strength and cost efficiency
engineered wood p.183
lightweight construction is a term coined in the 1950s to ref to
milled ( lightwood ) lumber in contrast to heavy timber
material made of wood strips and resin, shaped , and bonded with heat and or pressure is what wood ?
laminated wood
wood members made by joining small, flat strips of wood together with GLUE IS WHAT ‘’ BEAM
glue laminated beam
a simple but weak joint.. connected b/tw 2 parts made by simply securing ENDS surfaces together w/o additional shaping at the ends
butt joint
current research indicates that the heat of a fire has essentially what effect on the adhesive that are used in contemporary glum beam
no effect
connection b’tw 2 cuts made by the cutting of overlapping mating parts and securing them by glue or fasteners so that the joint is not enlarged
scarf joint
connection b’tw 2 parts made by cutting complementary mating parts, and the securing the joint with glue
finger joint p.185
what uses sheets of veneer peeled from the outer portions of the log , beams feature a smooth face suitable for finish work
laminated veneer lumber ( lvl)
what is made from veneer that are not as uniform as those used in LVL ? These veneers produce odd shaped strands that are coated with an adhesive and cured under pressure. Commonly produced in standard size ranges from 2 to 8 feet., strongest of the three structural composite lumber that can be used for heavy load column in long spans
Parallel strand lumber ( PSL) p. 186
plastic that softens with increase of temp and hardens with decrease of temp but does not undergo any chemical change
A synthetic material made from the polymerization of organic compounds that become soft when heated and hard when cooled is called -
thermoplastics
what is thermoplastic primarily used for
outside desks and railing( they burn black and sooty unlike wood
synthetic chemical used in plastic and single ply membrane roofs
polyvinyl chloride PVC
wood sheets product made from several thin veneer layers that are sliced from logs and glued together..
Made up of several thin layers, rotary sliced from rotating logs and glued together measuring 4’ x 8’ direction of the grain of adjacent veneers is aligned to the right angle to each other the grain of exterior veneers orient in the dimension of the sheet…
gluing wood veneers together ..
plywood
plywood is used for:
S
CFW
WCB OF HOS
sheathing , concrete frame work , webs of composite beams and hulls of ships p. 187
’’ made of engineered wood formed into sheets, using resin, heat, indoor pressure each type is formed from a different size in shape of wood pieced as described below:
Orient, strand board
Particleboard
Waferboard
non veneered panel
what uses long strand-like wood particles compressed and glued into 3-5 layer
oriented stand board
what is stronger than waferboard or particleboard and widely used for sheathing and sub flooring in wood frame
Example of Nonveneered panel.
A wooden structural panel formed by gluing and compressing wood strands together under pressure is known as
oriented stand board
wooden structural panel formed from wood particles and synthetic resins also know as flake board, chipboard or shavings board
particleboard p.188
what panels consist of face and back panels of plywood or OBS bonded to a central core material. ( used for insulation /structural support
composite panel
a composite panel used in structural application made of plastic foam between 2 outer wood panels often oriented strand board… The plastic foam is usually expanded polystyrene …
structural insulated panel
a polymer formed by reacting an isocyanate with polyol: used in Many applications Including floating insulting foams and floating ropes
polyurethane
a measure of the ability of a material to insulate is’’ value.
r-value
to prevent rapid spread of’’’ through ‘’’ spaces within combustible construction, code requires fire stops : materials used are ?
2 inch nominal lumber
gypsum board
cement fiber board
batts or blankets of mineral wool, glass fiber or other p.189
fire
concealed
locations of ‘’’ are:
withins studs at the ceiling and floor levels
between stairs stringers
behind fascia and architectural members
firestops
what is a layer of material installed outside of the studs to provide structural stability, insulation and an underlay for siding
sheathing
what acts as a vapor barrier between sheathing and siding
building wrap p. 190
’’’ materials used for ‘’’ include:
glass wool and rock wool in the form of batts or blankets with combustible paper
fiberglass
some older vermiculite and batt insulation that could have asbestos
noncombustible
insulation
’’ can also take form of loose fill material including:
granulated rock wool
mineral wool and glas wool ( blown or packed in )
cellulose fiber and shredded wood , treated with water soluble salt to reduce combustiablitly p. 191
insulation
loose
exterior finish or skin
CLADDING
what foam are applied as soft foam that hardens after application ( building icing )
solid fill foam
materials used for siding include
aluminum
asphalt siding /shingles
cement boars
plywood
stone
stucco
wood board
wood shingles
vinyl p. 192
’’’’ can be found in what materials ( comply used in the 30s-70s)
siding
insulation
construction adhesives
cry wall compound
elterical equip
heating equip
floor tiles
ceiling titles
Asbestos
walls of surface layer of attractive material laid over base of a common material
veneered walls p. 194
wood frame unprotected
type v-b
wood fame protected
type v-a
typical means of adding or increasing fire resistance is using ‘’ board attached to studs and ceiling joist
5/8 gypsum board
structural elements made in a factory and shipped to site
manufactured components p.194
materials used as ‘’ components include:
adhesives
dimensional lumber
metal fasteners
panels p. 195
manufactured
org’s that produce tested and quantified studs with discrete results include
underwriting labs ( ul )
NIOSH
NIST
Many factors influence the burning wood , ‘’’ temps are difficult to measure accurately b’c of variability in the following:
density of the wood
size and form of the wood
moisture content
rate of heating
nature of heating source
air supply p. 196
ignition temp
ignition of wood occurs when ‘’ SOURCE of sufficient intensity is applied to the wood
ignition source
what is the thermal decomposition of wood that begins at 392 degrees
pyrolysis
what of fuel is the total amount of thermal energy that can be released if the fuel is completely burned…. also :
what is used as a baseline for full potential of fire
heat of combustion
relationship b’tw the available surface area of fuel and the mass of fuel , used to predict the rate of fire consumption of combustible material
surface to mass ratio
2 main methods of fire retardant treatment are:
SC
PI
surface coating and pressure impregnation
what is used to reduce flame spread rating of wood
surface coating
PRESSURE ‘’’ of wood affects the whole component and is permanent when under proper conditions
pressure Impregnation p. 198
steps to ‘’’ of wood:
wood placed in vacuum cylinder
vacuums draws out of the cells of wood
solution w/ fire retardant is introduced into the cylinder under pressure
the pressure forces the chemical into the cells of the wood
impregnation
any of the following chems may be used in the treatment of ‘’’ :
ammonium phosphate
ammonium sulfate
boric acid
zinc chloride
sodium dichromate
borax
fire-retardants
ability of a substance to absorb moisture from the air
HYGRO-scopic p. 200
Factors used to evaluate the ‘’ severity in a given location include:
ground slope
clear space around property
water supply
climate
hazard
fire resistance of heavy timber columns and beams has been tested with which test
ASTM E119 P. 201
an engineer designing’’’ construction will amount for:
likelihood of collapse of roof and floor decks
method used to join joist beams and colums
integrity of timber under fire
suitability of protection
hvy timber
methods of ‘’ timber:
steel t straps
steel brackets through bolted at column
steel strap w/ bolt bearing block
connecting
wood framing can be classified as 2 types which are
light wood framing or heavy timber
other wood type construction that may encounter:
P
L
P
pole , log and prefabs
because of labor cost and basic strength of woods most wood frames don’t exceed ‘’ stores, in contrast engineered wood can be built ‘’ stories
3 stories / serveral stories p. 202
lightwood framing uses ‘’ at its smallest dimension
2 in
exterior wall studs are continuous from the foundation to roof is what kind of framing
balloon
joist that support the second floor rest on
ledger boards p. 204
exterior walls vertical studs are not continuous to 2nd floor (western framing ) framing ?
plateform framing
what framing more prone to shrinkage that balloon
platform p.204
type 4 construction is closer to what other type
T3
identifing features of heavy timber framing:
Trusses or beams can be used to :’’’
exterior walls are ‘’’’
internal supports ‘’’
trusses or beams can be used to support the roof
exterior walls are non load bearing panels w/ am exterior siding that many material
internal support colums are not less than 8x8 and beams are not less than 6x10 p.206
what framing is form of wood frame constructed w/ colums (post) and beams that use dimensions smaller than those used in HVY Timber contruction but bigger than light-frame construction
post and beam
engineered wooden joist are constructed of 3 wood components to make an I shape
i joist ( flanges and web )
what joist are common in floor supports in residential and non
i joist
what beams are used in floor jost and rafters
box beams p. 208
what joist are most likely to be found in older construction ( used in rare new contraction for artistic or appearance )
mortis and tenon joint
wood is uniquely Vulnerable to deterioration from Several causes, including?
insects , decay and skrinkagep. 211
Stonemason are often used as what type of veneer
Architectural
Masonary can be used for nonbearing’’ or ‘’
Curtain walls or partitions
How are the woods that are most commonly used for construction best described? (p. 181)
Softwoods
’’’ defects include knots, knotholes, decay, insect dam, split, warping
intrinsic p. 182
Finished laminated wood beams can have lengths of up to what amount? (p. 184)
Hundred feet
Scarf and finger joints can be used to transmit
tensil stresses
The thickness of finished beams range from ‘’’ INCHES
Finish beams may have depths ranging from ‘’’’ INCHES
lengths up to ‘’ FT
3/4 - 2 in
3-75 in
100 ft
’’’’ beams are frequently used IN heavy timber construction we are greater length components are acquired. React similarly to solid timbers under fire conditions.
glulam beams
What is a type of joint used in laminated wood that can transmit tensile stresses?
scarf joint
Which type of laminated wood joint cannot be used where tensile stresses will be transmitted across the length of a beam? (p. 184)
butt joint
One group of products known as’’’ uses the outer fiber of a log as well as the inner portions traditionally used
Structural composite lumber SCL
What LUMBER uses sheets of VENEER peeled from the outer portion of a log/TREE these sheets are laminated in parallel alignment, used and joists and beam sections that are one and 1 3/4 to 3 1/2 inches thick
uses sheets of veneer peeled from the outer portions of a tree, as well as featuring a smooth face suitable for finishing work?
Laminated veneer lumber LVL
What is made from veneer that are not as uniform as those used and LVL these veneers produce add shaped strands that are coded with an adhesive and under pressure size ranging from 2 to 8 feet in length is the strongest of the three SL products and can be used for heavy, loaded columns, and long spans
Parallel strand lumber, PSL
’’’ made with long STRANDS of wood up to 12 inches in length. The strands are bonded with a resin streaming process, typically used for SHORT SPAN BEAMS AND COLUMS:
LV L
PSL
LSL
Laminated strand lumber LSL page 186
’’’'’are manufactured under factory, controlled conditions and can be pre-fabricated to fit nearly any billing design used to increase energy efficiency intercourse can be up to 1 foot thick for large. Our values special features can include pre-cut holes for electrical and plumbing risers and reinstall electric all outlets, difficult to identify without pre-incident surveys or openings in the wall
A composite panel used in structural applications and made from plastic foam between two wood PANELS is known as what? (p. 189)
Manufactured under factory controlled conditions and can be pre-fabricated to fit nearly any building design used to increase energy efficiency inside core can be up to 1 foot thick
Structural insulated panels SIP
What is the strongest out of the three SCL Structural composite lumber products? (p. 186)
PSL
What is LSL Laminated strand Lumber typically used for?
long Span beams and columns
What kind of flame spread rating is expected from thermoplastic composite lumber? (p. 187)
80
How are non-veneered components expected to withstand fire conditions? (p. 187) they are expected to keep ‘’’
Expected to keep structural integrity
In plywood, how are the grains of adjacent veneers aligned? (p. 187)
Right angle
What is another name for particleboard? (p. 188
Flakeboard
OSB is widely used for ‘’’ in wood frame housing and ‘’’ (p. 188)
Subfloor in wood frame housing, sheathing
What material may be used in lateral-force resisting diaphragms? (p. 188)
Particleboard
What is another name for composite panels? (p. 189)
Sandwich panel
In platform frame building the plate installed on the top of the stud provides a ‘’’ that will block the spread of fire between floors within the walls
Fire stop
A layer of building wrap between sheathing and the siding acts as a’’’ the rapper produces the infiltration of moisture and air. Modern synthetic building wraps are much more fire resistance than the felt or tar paper use an older.
Vapor barrier
’’’ are used to increase the insulative properties of the building.. Because foam insulation is combustible and because flame spread rapidly over its surface building codes impose, stringent Regulation on its use.
Exterior cladding or covering system, composed of and adhesive or mechanically fastened foam insulation board reinforcing mesh a basecoat in an outer layer, also known as synthetic stucco
Exterior insulation and finish system EIfs
What is another name for EIFS? Exterior insulation finishing system (p. 191)
synthetic stucco
What does the pyrolysis of wood release? (p. 197)
Combustible gas
What is another name for ledger board? (p. 203
Ribbon board
What is a primary safety limitation of engineered wood systems? (p. 208)
Possibility of swift collapse
Heavy timber trusses use wood members that are up to what size? (p. 209)
8 to 10 inches
Interiors of woodframe buildings can be finished using a number of materials, including X2
Plywood or Obs
What is often not used in modern construction because it requires a relatively large amount of labor
Plastering
a ‘’’ on the back of structural panel indicates it’s intended structural application and it’s suitability for exposure to water span rating are different for roof sheeting and flooring. Roof supports are often spaced wider apart than floor supports.
A grade stamp page 195
One serious and fundamental drawback to what as a building material is its
Combustibility
The initial product of ‘’’ are the release of water retained in the wood and carbon dioxide because these two products are noncombustible. The ignition process is reversible if the ignition sources removed as a temperature avoiding increases additional products are combustion and increase in quality eventually a point is reached where the chemical process is self sustaining, and produces flame
pyrolysis
Heat of combustion is measured in ‘’’
BTU
surface coating is used to reduce ‘’’
flame spread
In heavy-timber framing, the beams are not less than -
6X10
Finished beams may have depths ranging from 3IN to -
24 INCHES
Building codes require draftstopping in attic spaces with combustible construction, and usually require the attic space to be subdivided into areas of -
3000 SQ FT
’’’ takes place at the surface of the material where the gaseous products of pyrolysis can combine with the surrounding air.
Flaming combustion
Indications of the deterioration of a wood-frame building ARE OFTEN APPARENT FROM THE ‘’’
apparent from the outside.
The type of construction that is intended to decrease the vulnerability of the structure when exposed to wildland fires is called
Ignition-resistant construction.
Particleboard can be manufactured in sizes up to
8X40
Wood is never dimensionally ‘’’
true or stable.
A measure of the ability of a material to insulate is known as
R value
Depending on the hazard severity, an ignition-resistant building may also be required to have an exterior wall that is either noncombustible, or that has a ____ fire-resistive rating when exposed from the outside.
1 HOUR
'’lumber includes dimensional, lumber boards, and timbers
Solid
The practice of matching standards and stated measurements is not followed for finish boards and timber where are typically described in ‘’’ DIMENSIONS
Nominal dimensions
The ‘’’ of a piece of rough lumber will be reduced to a standard size in the finishING process. Advances in modern technology allow rough lumber to be rough cut closer to the actual finish.’’’ historically possible.
Dimension
NominaL
Which type of truss is made up of 2-inch nominal members that are all
aligned in the same plane?
The most popular form of roof framing is known as ‘’’’
Light-frame trusses
In heavy-timber framing, the columns are not less than -
8X8
The projecting member in a piece of wood or other material for insertion into a mortise to make a joint is called a -
Tenon.
Which type of truss makes use of a short circular piece of STEEL within and between two and adjacent wood members to transfer the load between the members?
Split-ring trusses.
What actions can a builder take to reduce the combustibility of blown-in cellulose insulation?
treat the cellulose with water-soluble salts.
A wood-like product produced from wood fiber and polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride is called
Thermoplastic composite lumber.
Treatment of wood with fire-retardants results in a reduction in which of the following?
Wood strength.
How do fire-retardants slow the flaming combustion of wood structures and members?
By accelerating the formation of charring in the wood when the wood is exposed to heat
A “glulam beam” is an example of which of the following building materials
Laminated wood members.
The International Building Code allows fire-retardant treated wood in non-load bearing partitions where the required fire resistance is –
2 hours or less
Veneers must be tied to the wood frame wall at intervals of -
16 inches
A notch, hole, or space cut into a piece of timber to receive the projecting part of another piece of timber is called a -
Mortise.
Buildings using wood structural systems are often referred to by firefighters as -
Frame buildings.
Which building material has been a basic construction material for centuries and continues to be a fundamental structural material?
wood
