chapter 12 DONT STUDY NOT ON TEST Flashcards by Riccardo Caruso

building more that 75 ft in height. ( any building with occupied stories beyond the effective reach of fire equipment)

high rise building

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challenges of High rises

height to tall for aerial ladder

asses to fire floor takes longer

more resources /personnel required with more coordination

more pp /activites = more probability of calls p. 310

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what 2 developments made high rises possible and practical at the end of the 19th century ‘’ theses innovations made what limitations obsolete ?

use of steel frame construction and elevators

height limitation of masonry/wood construction
unpredictability /brittleness of cast iron
access of high floors w/o mechanical assistance

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most significant and obvious feature of modern high rises

height

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earliest high rises were rarley
more than

10 - 12 stories

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empire state building made in 1930 had how many floors

102

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modern building may be used for many individual purposes including:
A
I
M
E

assembly , institutional, mercantile, educational

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buildings with modern Hvac systems are designed to use for ventilation and are often constructed w/o ?

operable windows p. 311

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often high rise building will be constructed of a combo of

reinforced concrete and a protected steel frame

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Typically, model building code requires ‘’ fire resistance for structural frame of high rises , depending on the # of stories .occupancy and ‘’ hour fire distance for floors

2or 3,
2 for floors

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in reinforced concrete construction, the floors will be ‘’ in steel frame buildings the floor will be ‘

concrete slab

concrete placed over corrugated steel. 313

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in early high rises fire protection was usually provided by what systems .

standpipes

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standpipes risers /hose beds are located in

stairwells `

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one unavoidable problem with standpipes is

variation of pressure in tandem with building height( hydrostatic pressure)

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nfpa 14 standard for installation of standpipes mandates what

pressure reducing values p. 314

( reduces the water pressure usually 100 )

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Modern High rises have voice alarm systems that auto sound on alert tone followed by ‘’’’ upon Activation of any detector, water flow device or manual pull station.

Voice instructions

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Voice evacuation system are often zoned by

floor

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detection devices in High rises, along with water flow switches are monitored via

fire alarm system

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duct detectors to prevent recirculation of smoke to other floors

smoke detectors in elevators machine rooms/ lobbies to initiate recall

circuit breaker linked to heat detection system to disconnect electrical equip

corridor smoke doctors in residential

typically include in high rise buildings regarding ‘’

smoke detection

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unique alarm feature in high rises is requirement for a ‘’, this system operates b’tw locations including :
fire command center
landing of enclosed exit stairways
areas of refuge
elevtors /lobbies
emergency generators
fire pump rooms p. 316-17

2 way fire dept communication

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all model building codes require smookproofing in stairs serving floors

75 feet or higher

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a common approach using mechanical equipment was called a

pressure sandwich ( vented the fire floor and pressurized the floors above and below to contain smoke )

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typically a fire command center is located on ‘’

first floor

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fire command center has min requirement of

separate from rest of building with 1 hour fire rating p. 317

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emergency voice alarm system control panel fire dept 2 way phone system fire detection /alarm annunicaitor panel elevator location/status panel sprinkler valve/ waterflow annuciator emergency /stadnby power status indicator central status panel for smoke MNGT control for unlocking stariways fire pump status indicator telephone for fire dept use with acess to public phones These are typical features of

fire command center

in ''configurations, building services such as elevators, stairwells, and service shafts are grouped in the center of the floor

central core floor plan

Hvac systems in high rises are designed to manage

products of combustions p. 318

circuit breaker used as a saftey device in an elevator system ( shuts down system b4 sprinklers are discharged )

shunt trip p. 319

only consider using elevator if the fire is above

5th floor

do not travel above fire floor in an elevator that serves ??

all floors

never take a elevator

below ground

do not use elevator for occupant Evacuation until the fire is

under control

power could fail

at any time during a fire

emergency operating mode for elevator , recalls the car to terminal floor lobby and opens doors

phase 1 operation

critical susceptibility factors of elevators include: S H W F

smoke , heat, water , flame

phase 1 operation can be triggered by Activation of ?

smoke detectors sprinklers manuel keyed switch in terminal floor lobby p. 320

requirement for recall does not apply for what time of elevator

freight elevators

emergency operating mode for elevators, allows emergency use of the elevator w/ certain safeguards and special functions ( operating from the inside by overriding the recall allowing FF to Operate it )

phase 2 operations

model code specify that all new elevators must be equipped with

phase 2 ops

what prevents the door from closing if there is a person or smoke in the doorway is disable during phase 2 ops to allow the doors to be closed and car moved if it inadvertently stops at a smoke filled floor?

electric eye safety p. 321

a FF must remain in the car during what phase

building features that limit FF access: SW O DT/BE

solid walls ( no doors/windows ) obstructions on exterior walls , between buildings and road banked earth of difficult terrain

limited access build must be

sprinklered

underground buildings may have occupancy areas'' or lower that have primary exit

30 ft

Ex. of underground buildings include: PG S S ECS

parking garage subways storage emergency comm/command center

underground buildings follow the trend of '' and many more are being built or planned theses include: GD M L A L IF O

green design museums libraries academics labs industrial facilites offices

specific types of difficulty for FF in under ground facilities include

Access for FF rescue and evacuation ventilation of heat /smoke water supply / draining of water

greatest single challenges in underground fires is difficulty

venting smoke and heat p. 323

'' is required for buildings w/ levels below 30 ft below level of exit

smoke proofing

where buildings have more that '' separation below The level of exit discharge separation of each level into two approximately equal size compartments may be required. Each compartment will be provided with at least '' stair and access into the other Compartment

60 ft 1

below grade spaces often include multitudes of hazards including

use of natural gas or oil high voltage electrical vaults storage for chemical supply water storage diesel tanks used to power generators p. 324

most significant advantage to membrane structure is the ability ti provide a

large unobstructed interior spacep325

membrane structures that uses air pressure to develop its initial shape but may not use air pressure throughout it

air inflated structures

Ex of air supported structures: SS TC AF IR W C C DH

sport staduim tennis court athletic field s ice taking rinks warehouses casinos church campus dining facilities

air inflated structures have several limitations including: ' STORY VULNERABLE TO '' NO ''

1 story vulnerable to high winds n no fire rating

limitations that only affect air supported construction include

inside pressure can only be slightly higher than outside have some type of air foundation to counteract force of air blowing cables used to anchor the roof to the ground ( there is more but look at page ) p. 326

freestanding structure that uses suspension cables for support

cable membrane structure ( cable cover structure)

structure supported primary by a frame or skeleton rather than by load bearing walls

frame membrane structures p. 327

many states use '' to store salt near highways

frame membrane p/328

in malls code require FDC outlets at '' S E P

stairways , entrances and passageways

malls usually have how many levels

1-3

codes requires mall walkways to have a min of ''

20 ft wide

malls are designed w/ 1or more large well known , perimeter stores that are known as

anchor stores p. 329

anchor stores maybe separated from smaller stores by

firewalls

malls must be ''

full sprinklered

malls must have a '' hour rating

1 hour

smoke control systems are required in malls '' stories or higher

3 or more stories

low profile sprinkler system and pendant used w/ concealed piping in correctional facilities are what type of sprinklers ?

institutional sprinklers p. 330

release of locking doors smoke compartments areas of refuge on either side of smoke barriers sprinklers smoke control system s manual and auto fire alarm systems p. 331 THESE types of Fire protection features ARE FOUND IN '''

JAILS

open areas in the center of a building , 2 or more stories, allow natural light

atrium

model code for atriums include AUTO '' '' HOUR FR '''' SYSTEMS

auto sprinklers 1 hour fire rated smoke control system

some codes wave the required sprinklers if

its more than 55 ft above the floor p. 333

for most occupancies what is not considered in the design

internal explosions

a rapid release of energy is a

explosion

this sudden release of energy produces outward pressure often referred to as

blast wave

the damage an explosion may inflict on a structure depends on P PR PP R

max pressure rate of pressure rise duration of peak pressure resistance of the confine structure

chemical reaction ( mixture od air and flammable vapor) uncontrolled chemical reaction in process plants ignition of air and dust from grain or milling/sawing operations boilers explosions ( no chem reaction) These are conditions that occur because of ''

Explosion

structural damage from an explosion can be mitigated through

containment or venting the forces

containment includes

building enclosure with adequate reinforcement to contain pressure expensive

max pressure reached during explsotion may exceed '' atmospheric presser.

10 x the atmospheric pressure p. 334

explosion venting is designed to Quickly

relieve pressure b4 it cause damage open all the time p. 335

ideally explosion vent panels should not weigh more than '' per sq ft

3 pounds per sq ft

Regarding explosion vents and industrial buildings several diff materials are used such as: LCS AS

lightweight corrugated steel or aluminum sheets

types of '''' vents include: louvers openings hanger type doors wall panells windows roof vents

explosion

larger vent areas result in '' within building.

lower pressure w/in building

international fire code section 911 allows for

brake away panels that blow out when building is over pressurized In the 1970s model building code began requiring breakout panels and exterior walls, but HVAC and sprinkler systems were allowed to be substituted for breakaway panels

hvac and sprinklers were allowed to be substituted for '' panels

break away panels p.336

areas of refuge must have room for 1-2 wheel chairs and must have

must have auto sprinklers or standpipes

what are logical locations for areas of refuge

stairways and elevtors lobbys

stair ways refuges must be '' from building w/ '' hour rating

separate from building w/ 1 hour fire rating

areas of refuge must be provided with what

2 way communication system p. 337

codes regarding industrial rack storage include considerations '' H s whats S T O C PA S

height and style what being stored type of container public accès sq ft of storage area

rack storage is used for the following reasons

increases effeiceny of a building space simple use ( forklift) tech permits precise control of inventory can have height of 12 ft to 100 p. 338

The use of racks for storage creates unique fire hazard such as: HFL NA VFS

high fire load ( when combustible ) narrow aisle ( pp can't get in ) some spaces permit vertical fire travel through racks

newer ceilings mounted sprinklers tech include sprinklers that can operate in 2 modes ? CM SM

control mode suppression mode p. 339

Underground structures must

Evacuated page 324

Underground structures must

Evacuated page 324

Two ways to mitigate structural damage from explosions is to

Containment and venting page 334

chapter 12 DONT STUDY NOT ON TEST Flashcards

special structures/deign