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Building construction > chap 11 > Flashcards

chap 11 Flashcards

roofs

1
Q

what is waterproofing for a building

A

roof

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2
Q

fundamental safety points regarding roofs are

A

nots as strong as floors, designed to hold lighter live loads

concealed spaces b’tw ceiling and roof ( had to determine extent a fire has developed)

overtime loads are added to which they where not designed for
p. 278

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3
Q

from a FF standpoint roofs can be classified into 3 styles which are

A

flat , pitched and curved

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4
Q

types of flats roofs can be found on:
WH
F
SM
S

A

warehouses, factories, shopping centers, schools

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5
Q

what is the easier roof to work on

A

flat

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6
Q

what roof is designed to shed water and snow

A

pitched

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7
Q

low slope roofs have a slope of up to ‘’ meaning for each 12 unit of horizontal dimensions the roof slopes upward of 3

A

3/12 p. 279

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8
Q

medium to high slopes have slopes of

A

4/12 to 12/12 (45 degree angel )

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9
Q

some slopes of 18/12 or higher can including what type of buildings

A

churches, mansions ( to steep to work on w/ roof ladder)

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10
Q

10 types of roofs:
G,H,G,M,B,M,S,S,A,F

A

gable, hip, gambrel, mansard, butterfly, monitor , sawtooth , shed , arched , flat

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11
Q

common roof style that consist of 2 inclined surfaces that meet at their high side to form a ridge

A

gable roof

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12
Q

style that slopes in 4 directions and has a degree of slope similar to the gable roof

A

hip roof

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13
Q

slopes in 2 directions, but there will be a break in the slope on each side. ( spaces under can be used as attic or living space_

A

gambrel roof

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14
Q

has a break in the slope of the roof on 4 sides .( one with a flat deck is sometimes called )

A

mansard roof
modern mansard or roof deck p. 280

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15
Q

roof style that slopes in 2 directions ( 2 shed roofs that meet ar low eaves

A

butterfly

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16
Q

style designed to provide light and ventilation. ( commonly used on factories)

A

monitor roof

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17
Q

the vertical side of this monitor section Regarding monitor roof, which are normally openable windows are know as

A

clerestories

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18
Q

style of roof also once comply used on industrial buildings for lights and vents( ideally faced north b/c of northern light and glare of sun can be avoided )

A

sawtooth roofs

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19
Q

curved roofs are most frequently supported by

A

ARCHES /bowstrings p. 281

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20
Q

forces of a dome roof are similar to arch however, the forces in a dome are excepted around a ‘’ instead of just 1 plane

A

complete circle

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21
Q

more architecturally spectacular curved roofs can be created using

A

lamella arches or geodesic domes

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22
Q

arched roof structure composed of a series of intersecting , skewed arches made up short, straight members

A

lamella arch

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23
Q

lamellas can form

A

domes and arches

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24
Q

if compression or tension rings in lamella dome are damaged to the point of failure what will happen

A

entire structure will fail

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25
Q

lamellas roofs have been used for occupancies including

A

gyms, exhibition halls , auditoriums

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26
Q

what is created using spherical triangulations.

A

geodesic dome

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27
Q

geodesic domes can be constructed of:
W
S
C
P
B
A

A

wood , steel , concrete, plywood, bamboo and aluminum p. 282

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28
Q

what is usually provided in building with pitched roofs to increase living space in attic

A

dormers

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29
Q

what roofs may be supported by open web steel joists and steel beams

A

flat roofs

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30
Q

horizontal structural member used to support a ceiling or floor.

A

joist p. 283

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31
Q

Traditional wood joist roof uses solid wood joist that tend to lose their strength gradually, this loss of strength results in the roof becoming ‘’

A

soft or spongy b4 failure

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32
Q

in modern construction box beams and i beams are made of ‘’ and wood truss joist are often used to support ‘’

A

plywood /flat roofs

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33
Q

i beams render ‘’ in a fire

A

fail early

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34
Q

open web design of truss joist permit ‘’ in spread of fire direction ‘‘to the truss joist instead of simply’’ the long dimension of members

A

rapid/perpendicular / along

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35
Q

unprotected lightweight open web joist of any material should be expected to ;; in fire

A

fail quickly

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36
Q

fire proofing can be omitted from roof supports when the roof is located more than ‘’ above the floor in an assembly

A

20 ft p. 284

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37
Q

deflection and vibration are an indication of

A

lightweight roof construction and should use caution

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38
Q

with what roof is the main joist located at the level of the ceiling and a framework is constructed above the main joist to support the roof deck.

A

inverted roof

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39
Q

from outside ‘’ look like any other flat roof but the design creates ‘’ that may be several ft in eight between ceiling and roof deck

A

inverted roof /concealed space

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40
Q

truss that is constructed w/ deep triangular portion projecting down instead of up

A

inverted truss

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41
Q

roofing system constructed on site, often uses dimensional lumber with nails and screws

A

conventionally framed roof

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42
Q

inclined beams that support roof , runs parallel to the slope to which the roof deck is attached

A

rafters

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43
Q

highest horizontal member in a pitched rood which the upper ends of the rafters attached also know as ‘’

A

ridge board/ ridgepole

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44
Q

horizontal roof framing members in the top 3rd of the framing system braces roof framing against the uplift of wind

A

collar tie

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45
Q

horizontal roof framing member at the bottom of the framing system ; helps keep walls from spreading due ti the weight of roof

A

rafter tie p285

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46
Q

most common roof types with conventional framing include:
S
g
H
G
M

A

shed, gable, hip , gambrel, mansard

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47
Q

if architect desires to leave the underside of the roof exposed w/o joists, a ‘’ must be used to support rafter s

A

structural ridge beam

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48
Q

fasteners common to conventional roof framing

A

nails /screws at connection points
hvy bolts or brackets in heavy timber construction
architectural hardware for exposed beams

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49
Q

what are completely made of wood

A

rafters

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50
Q

ridge beams are often ‘’ size larger that rafter

A

1 p. 286

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51
Q

what are common roof supports systems

A

pre engineered roof framing ( roof trusses )

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52
Q

truss structure w/ the chords and diagonal members arranged in parrallel planes. also known as

A

commons truss /monoplane truss

53
Q

Viod spaces in truss roof construction are large b/c of the unblocked distance b’tw the ‘’/’’ chord and ‘‘supports of truss systems

A

top bottom, internal

54
Q

when fighting fire in a building w/ structural truss components, th AHJ should consider prioritizing what ?

A

defensive fire opts p. 287

55
Q

what trusses which use a curved top chord were once commonly used for roofs and many remain in use.

A

bowstring

56
Q

the top chord ‘’ tries to ‘’ the bottom chord ‘’ maintain the shape of the top chord through ‘’

A

bow, strengthen, string , tension

57
Q

'’failure of what element of a bowstring truss will lead to catastrophic failure

A

any single.288

58
Q

what trusses are most common types used for pitched roofs

A

fink and pratt

59
Q

what will often behave true to their construction material in fire

A

arches

60
Q

material used in arches

A

masonry , laminated wood , steel

61
Q

tie rods extending through the interior of the building are usually

A

unprotected

62
Q

roof covering made of flexible material that may be applied to the roof decks as a continuous sheet( used on shallow pitch roofs)

A

roll roofing

63
Q

horizontal member b’tw trusses that support the roof

A

purlin

64
Q

components of roof decks include:
S
RP/S
P

A

sheathing, roof planks or slabs and purlins p. 289

65
Q

what decking is frequently used in application where it serves as both decks and the exterior roof covering

A

corrugated steel

66
Q

materials used in roof decks include

A

plywood
wood planks
corrugated steel
precast gypsum or concrete planks
pored gypsum
poured concrete
cement planks counting wood fiber

67
Q

wood planks will have a minimum ‘’ nominal thickness

A

1 inch

68
Q

corrugated steel uses roof decking from ‘’ The thinnest gauge to ‘’ thickest Gauge. The overall depth varies from ‘’’

A

29 - 12 gauge
3/4 -2 in

69
Q

gypsum has the advantage of being

A

nailable p. 290

70
Q

practice in multistory building w/ flat roofs is to use the same structural system for the ‘’ as the ‘’ b’c its more economical

A

roofs and floors

71
Q

some factors that affect the choice of roof covering include

A

maintenance requirement
durability
fire resistance

72
Q

ex. of conditions roofing material must resist include ‘’

A

punctures from hail

corrosion from fog, salt air, smoke and other pollutants

expansion and contraction from roof top temps p. 291

73
Q

what roofs drain more slowly that pitched roofs

A

flat roofs

74
Q

what is designed to reduce the diffusion of interior moisture into the insulation layer

A

vapor barrier

75
Q

Vapor barrier consist of a continuous sheet of material resistant to the passage of water vapor including:
P
AF
KP
ASRF

A

plastic
aluminim foil
kraft paper laminated w/ asphalt
asphalt saturated roofing felt

76
Q

what layer reduces heat loss through the roof

A

thermal layer

77
Q

what can be poured insulation materials

A

portland cement or gypsum

78
Q

what used under roof consists of waterproof material that keep out rain and snow from interior of building

A

membrane

79
Q

3 general categories of membranes are:;
BU
SP
FA

A

built up , single ply and fluid applied

80
Q

what uses several overlapping layers of roofing felt saturated w/ a bituminous material that may be tar or asphalt

A

built up membrane

81
Q

single membrane laid in sheets on the roof deck.

A

single ply membrane p. 292

82
Q

most common singe ply membranei is made OF :
SRM
EPDM
PC
CP
O

A

synthetic rubber material
ethylene propylene diene monomer ( EPDM)
other materials
polyvinyl chloride
chlorinated polyethylene

83
Q

membrane useful for curved roof surfaces

A

fluid applied membranes

84
Q

materials used in membrane are

A

neoprene
silicone
polyurethane
butyl rubber p. 293

85
Q

built up roofs that use gravel as the wear course are commonly known as

A

tar and gravel roofs

86
Q

what which consist of bundles of reeds, grasses or leaves is also a covering for pitched roofs

A

thatch

87
Q

asphalt shingles are usually installed over ‘’ which is a layer of roofing felt or synthetic covering

A

underlayment

88
Q

modern asphalt shingles are ‘’ based

A

fiberglass

89
Q

most come size of asphalt shingle

A

12x36p. 294

90
Q

what shingles are fundamnetly combustible. they tend to drip and run under fire conditions and produce heavy black smoke

A

asphalt

91
Q

historically asphalt shingles where made up of

A

rag, paper or wool fiber p. 295

92
Q

different b’tw wood shingles and shakes are

A

method of production

93
Q

wood shingles are thin ‘

A

thin slabs of wood the are sawn from pieces of tree trucks

94
Q

shakes are ‘’ split from the wood and are ‘’ than shingles

A

manually or machined / thicker

95
Q

how much is exposed of a wood shingle when installing

A

1/3

96
Q

’’ tiles are noncombustible and produce fire - resistant roof covering that have excellent resistance to flying brands

A

clay, slate and cement

97
Q

problems with tiles

A

get lose and fall

slippery
brittle and my have sharp edges p. 296

98
Q

’’ is produced from hard rock that has a tendency to split along one plane, this makes it produced in a smooth sheet as thin as ‘’ or as thick as’’

A

slate , 1/16, 1/1/2 in

99
Q

slate had a weight of

A

8-36 pounds per sq ft

100
Q

slate has a life expectancy of

A

150 years

101
Q

’’ tile is dense, had and nonabsorbent material and can be used for flat or curved tiles . curved tiles are known as

A

clay / mission used in spanish architect

102
Q

tiles made from portland cement , aggregate and water

A

concret tiles

103
Q

metal roof coverings may use several materials such as

A

galvanized or painted sheet metal
copper
zinc
aluminum
lead

104
Q

practice to avoid corrosion may include

A

use same nail as metal or use insulating between nail and sheeting p. 297

105
Q

in order to be a 3rd party listed product, material are subject to 6 Separate test including:
IFET
DBT
FBT
RT
WT
SOF

A

intermittent flame exposure text
during brand test
flying brand test
rain test
weather test
spread of flame

106
Q

class a roof covering are effective against

A

severe fire exposure

107
Q

class B coverings are effective against

A

moderate fire exposure

108
Q

class c coverings are effective against

A

light fire exposure

109
Q

nfpa 256

A

standard of methods of fire test of roof coverings

110
Q

what test evaluates the fire hazard of specific roof covering

A

astm e-108

111
Q

what is the building 1st line of defense against the elements

A

roof

112
Q

reason rain roofs may be installed over existing roofs

A

to cover deterred roofing element
change profile of building
update architectural design p. 299
cost effective
less disruptive

113
Q

rains roofs problems for FF

A

when products of combustible enter a void space they can be difficult to detect , access and extinguish

The existence of two separate roofs can also impend rapid and effective ventilation

Small spaces between the two roofs can create an unwrapped hazard for firefighters

not structural strong enough to support the weight of ff ops

114
Q

greatest benefit of green roofs / hazard

A

increase energy effeciency / increased weight p. 300

115
Q

’’ produces reliable clean energy.

A

photovoltaic system ( solar )

116
Q

a single unit of solar energy collector is referred to as as

A

cell

117
Q

a series of solar cells is called a

A

panel or module

118
Q

a system of solar panels or shingles is called a

A

array

119
Q

energy feed from photovoltaic cells cannot be

A

isolated or shut off even when power is shut off the cells are isolated from building electric system ( they continue to store power )

120
Q

all wiring and conduits must be assumed to be

A

live p. 301

121
Q

codes for solar include

A

clear space along edges and ridges of roofs

clear aisle space
min visibility of components
labeling
external shutoff switches
ability to rapid shut down system

122
Q

whats roofs take many forms such as potted plants and flower boxes ro layer of earth with growing plants covering large areas

A

green roof

123
Q

a rooftop garden is a what load

A

dead p. 302

124
Q

small structures on main roof , for the purpose of stairways enclosure, elevator machinery enclosure, equipment enclosure or addition living space

A

penthouses

125
Q

purpose of ‘’ is to provide natural light to building ,

A

skylights

126
Q

building code restricts the material used in skylight to:
P
WG
TG

A

plastic, wired glass or tempered glass

127
Q

what can be spring loaded or manually operated

A

skylights p. 303

128
Q

Aluminum and steel sheets can have what done to increase their strength

A

Corrugation page 297

129
Q

Metal roof coverings may use Galvanized or painted sheet metal as materials, including:
c
z
a
l
p

A

5
Galvanized or painted sheet metal
Copper
Zinc
Aluminum
Lead
Page 298

Building construction (12 decks)

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