chap 11 Flashcards
roofs
1
Q
what is waterproofing for a building
A
roof
2
Q
fundamental ‘’’’ regarding roofs are:
nots as strong as floors, designed to hold lighter live loads
concealed spaces b’tw ceiling and roof ( had to determine extent a fire has developed)
overtime loads are added to which they where not designed for
p. 278
A
safety points
3
Q
from a FF standpoint roofs can be classified into 3 styles which are
A
flat , pitched and curved
4
Q
types of flats roofs can be found on:
WH
F
SM
S
A
warehouses, factories, shopping centers, schools
5
Q
what is the easier roof to work on
A
flat
6
Q
what roof is designed to shed water and snow.. MAJOR HAZARD TO FIREFIGHTERS BECAUSE THE STEEPNESS OF THE ROOF RESULTS AND LACK OF SECURE FOOTINGS
A
pitched
7
Q
low slope roofs have a slope of up to ‘’ meaning for each 12 unit of horizontal dimensions the roof slopes upward of 3
A
3/12 p. 279
8
Q
slopes of 4/12 to 12/12 (45 DEGREE) are ?
A
medium to high slopes
9
Q
some slopes of 18/12 or higher can including what type of buildings
A
churches, mansions ( to steep to work on w/ roof ladder)
10
Q
10 types of roofs:
G,H,G,M,B,M,S,S,A,F
A
gable, hip, gambrel, mansard, butterfly, monitor , sawtooth , shed , arched , flat
11
Q
common roof style that consist of 2 inclined surfaces that meet at their high side to form a ridge
pitched roofs is a style of a pitched roof with square ends in which the end walls of the building form triangular areas beneath the roof?
A
gable roof
YOU HOUSE
12
Q
style that slopes in 4 directions and has a degree of slope similar to the gable roof…
pitched roof that has no gables is…
A
hip roof
13
Q
slopes in 2 directions, but there will be a break in the slope on each side. ( spaces under can be used as attic or living space_
A
gambrel roof
14
Q
has a break in the slope of the roof on 4 sides .( one with a flat deck is sometimes called )
A
mansard roof
modern mansard or roof deck p. 280
15
Q
roof style that slopes in 2 directions ( 2 shed roofs that meet ar low eaves
A
butterfly
16
Q
style designed to provide light and ventilation. ( commonly used on factories)
A
monitor roof
17
Q
the vertical side of this monitor section Regarding monitor roof, which are normally openable windows are know as
A
clerestories
18
Q
style of roof also once comply used on industrial buildings for lights and vents( ideally faced north b/c of northern light and glare of sun can be avoided )
Usually constructed of industrial buildings
A
sawtooth roofs
19
Q
curved roofs are most frequently supported by
A
ARCHES /bowstrings p. 281
20
Q
forces of a dome roof are similar to arch however, the forces in a dome are excepted around a ‘’ instead of just 1 plane
A
complete circle
21
Q
more architecturally spectacular curved roofs can be created using x2
A
lamella arches or geodesic domes
22
Q
arched roof structure composed of a series of intersecting , skewed arches made up SHORT , straight members
A
lamella arch
23
Q
lamellas can form
A
domes and arches
24
Q
if compression or tension rings in lamella dome are damaged to the point of failure what will happen
A
entire structure will fail
25
lamellas roofs have been used for occupancies including:
G
EH
A
gyms, exhibition halls , auditoriums
26
what is created using spherical triangulations.
geodesic dome
27
geodesic domes can be constructed of:
W
S
C
P
B
A
wood , steel , concrete, plywood, bamboo and aluminum p. 282
28
what is usually provided in building with pitched roofs to increase living space in attic
dormers
29
what roofs may be supported by open web steel joists and steel beams
flat roofs
30
horizontal structural member used to support a ceiling or floor.
joist p. 283
31
Traditional WOOD JOIST roof uses solid wood joist that tend to lose their strength gradually, this loss of strength results in the roof becoming ''.... Obvious indicator of structural failure..
soft or spongy b4 failure
32
in modern construction box beams and i beams are made of '' and wood truss joist are often used to support FLAT ''
plywood /flat roofs
33
i beams/BOX BEAMS render '' in a fire
fail early
34
open web design of truss joist permits the rapid spread of fire in direction ''''' to the truss joist instead of simply along the dimension of members.
perpendicular
35
unprotected lightweight open web joist of any material should be expected to ;; in fire
fail quickly
36
fire proofing can be omitted from roof supports when the roof is located more than '' above the floor in an assembly
20 ft p. 284
37
deflection and vibration are an indication of '''' ROOF CONSTRUCTION AND '''
lightweight roof construction and should use caution
38
with what roof is the main joist located at the level of the ceiling and a framework is constructed above the main joist to support the roof deck.
inverted roof
39
from outside '' look like any other flat roof but the design creates '' that may be several ft in eight between ceiling and roof deck
inverted roof /concealed space
40
truss that is constructed w/ deep triangular portion projecting down instead of up
inverted truss
41
WHAT ''''' roofing system constructed on site, often uses dimensional lumber with nails and screws I can also use pre-engineered components..
Uses incline members to support some types of pitch roots that are built on site utilizing dimensional lumber construction of this type of roof is becoming less common as construction techniques because this type of instruction has higher requirements than prefabricated framing systems EX:
Knowledge and skill of the construction crew
Cost material
Time needed for construction
conventionally framed roof
42
inclined beams that support roof , runs parallel to the slope to which the roof deck is attached... Space 12- 24 inches apart
rafters
43
highest horizontal member in a pitched rood which the upper ends of the rafters attached also know as '' OR ''
ridge board/ ridgepole
44
horizontal roof framing members in the top 3rd of the framing system braces roof framing against the uplift of wind
collar tie
45
horizontal roof framing member at the bottom of the framing system ; helps keep walls from spreading due ti the weight of roof
rafter tie p285
46
most common roof types with conventional framing include:
S
g
H
G
M
shed, gable, hip , gambrel, mansard
47
if architect desires to leave the underside of the roof exposed w/o joists, a structural '' must be used to support rafter s
structural ridge beam
48
fasteners common to conventional roof framing
nails /screws at connection points
hvy bolts or brackets in heavy timber construction
architectural hardware for exposed beams
49
what are completely made of wood
rafters
50
ridge beams are often '' size larger that rafter
1 p. 286
51
what are common roof supports systems''''
trusses use less material and a lighter than a comparable beam or joIST for an equal span the reduced mass of their components in the interdependence of those components make them vulnerable to early failure under fire conditions.
pre engineered roof framing ( roof trusses )
52
truss structure w/ the chords and diagonal members arranged in parrallel planes. also known as x2
commons truss /monoplane truss
53
Viod spaces in truss roof construction are large b/c of the unblocked distance b'tw the ''/'' chord and ''supports of truss systems
top bottom, internal
54
when fighting fire in a building w/ structural truss components, th AHJ should consider prioritizing what ?
defensive fire opts p. 287
55
what trusses which use a curved top chord were once commonly used for roofs and many remain in use.
bowstring
56
the top chord '' tries to '' the bottom chord '' TO maintain the shape of the top chord through ''
bow, strengthen, string , tension
57
''failure of what element of a bowstring truss will lead to catastrophic failure
any single.288
58
what trusses are most common types used for pitched roofs
fink and pratt
59
what will often behave true to their construction material in fire
arches
60
material used in arches:
M
LW
S
masonry , laminated wood , steel
61
tie rods extending through the interior of the building are usually
unprotected
62
roof covering made of flexible material that may be applied to the roof decks as a continuous sheet( used on shallow pitch roofs)
roll roofing
63
horizontal member b'tw trusses that support the roof
purlin
64
components of ''' include:
sheathing
roof planks or slabs
purlins p. 289
roof decks
65
what decking is frequently used in application where it serves as both decks and the exterior roof covering
corrugated steel
66
materials used in ''' include:
plywood
wood planks
corrugated steel
precast gypsum or concrete planks
pored gypsum
poured concrete
cement planks counting wood fiber
roof decks
67
wood planks will have a minimum '' nominal thickness
1 inch
68
corrugated steel uses roof decking from '' The thinnest gauge to '' thickest Gauge. The overall depth varies from '''
29 - 12 gauge
3/4 -2 in
69
gypsum has the advantage of being
nailable p. 290
70
practice in multistory building w/ flat roofs is to use the same structural system for the '' as the '' b'c its more economical
roofs and floors
71
some factors that affect the choice of roof covering include
maintenance requirement
durability
fire resistance
72
ex. of conditions ''' material must resist include :
punctures from hail
corrosion from fog, salt air, smoke and other pollutants
expansion and contraction from roof top temps p. 291
roofing
73
what roofs drain more slowly that pitched roofs
flat roofs
74
what is designed to reduce the diffusion of interior moisture into the insulation layer
vapor barrier
75
Vapor barrier consist of a continuous sheet of material resistant to the passage of water vapor including:
P
AF
KP
ASRF
plastic
aluminim foil
kraft paper laminated w/ asphalt
asphalt saturated roofing felt
76
what layer reduces heat loss through the roof.... In addition to resisting the flow of heat, the insulation should have resistance to mechanical damages such as gouging, moisture decay, and fire
thermal layer
77
what can be poured insulation materials
portland cement or gypsum
78
what used under roof consists of waterproof material that keep out rain and snow from interior of building
membrane
79
3 general categories of ''' are:
built up
single ply
fluid applied
membranes
80
What type of membrance uses several overlapping layers of roofing felt saturated w/ a bituminous material that may be tar or asphalt
built up membrane
81
single membrane laid in sheets on the roof deck. Material comes in sheets, 10 or 20 feet wide and up to''''' feet long the membranes are typically'''' thick
single ply membrane p. 292
200 FT LONG
.003-.10 inch
82
most common ''' is made OF :
synthetic rubber material
ethylene propylene diene monomer ( EPDM)
other materials
polyvinyl chloride
chlorinated polyethylene
SHEET SIZE IN 10 OR 20 FT
singe ply membrane
83
membrane useful for curved roof surfaces are what kind of membrances ?
fluid applied membranes
84
materials used in '' are:
neoprene
silicone
polyurethane
butyl rubber p. 293
FlUID applied membrane
85
built up roofs that use gravel as the wear course are commonly known as
tar and gravel roofs
86
what which consist of bundles of reeds, grasses or leaves is also a covering for pitched roofs
thatch
87
asphalt shingles are usually installed over '' which is a layer of roofing felt or synthetic covering
underlayment
88
modern asphalt shingles are '' based
fiberglass
89
most come size of asphalt shingle
12x36p. 294
90
what shingles are fundamnetly combustible. they tend to drip and run under fire conditions and produce heavy black smoke
asphalt
91
historically ''' where made up of:;
rag, paper or wool fiber p. 295
asphalt shingles
92
different b'tw wood shingles and shakes are
method of production
93
wood shingles are thin slabs of '' that are sawn from peices of ''
thin slabs of wood the are sawn from pieces of tree trucks
94
shakes are '' split from the wood and are '' than shingles
manually or machined / thicker
95
how much is exposed of a wood shingle when installing
1/3
96
'' x3 tiles are noncombustible and produce fire - resistant roof covering that have excellent resistance to flying brands
clay, slate and cement
97
problems with tiles
get lose and fall
slippery
brittle and my have sharp edges p. 296
98
'' is produced from hard rock that has a tendency to split along one plane, this makes it produced in a smooth sheet as thin as 1/16 or as thick as 1 1/2
slate , 1/16, 1/1/2 in
99
slate had a weight of
8-36 pounds per sq ft
100
slate has a life expectancy of
150 years
101
'' tile is dense, had and nonabsorbent material and can be used for flat or CURVED tiles . CURVED tiles are known as''''' used in Spanish architect
clay / mission used in spanish architect
102
tiles made from portland cement , aggregate and water.. Are frequently made to look like clay tiles slate or even wood in color and texture major advantage is there greater longevity..
concret tiles
103
''' roof coverings may use several materials such as:
galvanized or painted sheet metal
copper
zinc
aluminum
lead
metal
104
practice to avoid corrosion may include
use same nail as metal or use insulating between nail and sheeting p. 297
105
in order to be a ''' product, material are subject to 6 Separate test including:
intermittent flame exposure text
during brand test
flying brand test
rain test
weather test
spread of flame
3rd party listed
106
class a roof covering are effective against
severe fire exposure
107
class B coverings are effective against
moderate fire exposure
108
class c coverings are effective against
light fire exposure
109
standard of methods of fire test of roof coverings
NFPA 256
110
what test evaluates the fire hazard of specific roof covering
astm e-108
111
what is the building 1st line of defense against the elements
roof
112
reason rain roofs may be installed over existing roofs
to cover deterred roofing element
change profile of building
update architectural design p. 299
cost effective
less disruptive
113
rains roofs ''' for FF:
when products of combustible enter a void space they can be difficult to detect , access and extinguish
The existence of two separate roofs can also impend rapid and effective ventilation
Small spaces between the two roofs can create an unwrapped hazard for firefighters
not structural strong enough to support the weight of ff ops
problems
114
greatest benefit of green roofs / hazard
increase energy effeciency / increased weight p. 300
115
'' produces reliable clean energy.
photovoltaic system ( solar )
116
a single unit of solar energy collector is referred to as as
cell
117
a series of solar cells is called a
panel or module
118
a system of solar panels or shingles is called a
array
119
energy feed from photovoltaic cells cannot be
isolated or shut off even when power is shut off the cells are isolated from building electric system ( they continue to store power )
120
all wiring and conduits must be assumed to be
live p. 301
121
codes for '' include:
clear space along edges and ridges of roofs
clear aisle space
min visibility of components
labeling
external shutoff switches
ability to rapid shut down system
solar
122
whats roofs take many forms such as potted plants and flower boxes ro layer of earth with growing plants covering large areas
green roof
123
a rooftop garden is a what load
dead p. 302
124
small structures on main roof , for the purpose of stairways enclosure, elevator machinery enclosure, equipment enclosure or addition living space
penthouses
125
purpose of '' is to provide natural light to building ,
skylights
126
building code restricts the material used in ''' to:
plastic, wired glass or tempered glass
skylight
127
what can be spring loaded or manually operated
skylights p. 303
128
Aluminum and steel sheets can have what done to increase their strength
Corrugation page 297
129
''''' coverings may use Galvanized or painted sheet metal as materials, including:
Galvanized or painted sheet metal
Copper
Zinc
Aluminum
Lead
Page 298
Metal roof
130
Roofs are not usually a strongest floor because they are typically designed to support
Lighter live loads
131
Many types of construction have inherent concealed spaces between the ceiling and the roof deck, making it difficult to determine
The extent to which a fire has developed
132
Many flat roofs are provided with slight slopes, typically from''' , to facilitate draining.. these roofs drains may have the capacity to handle a heavy rainfall, but not water from ''''
Front to rear
Master sTREAM
133
Pitched Roof present a major hazard to FF because of ?
Steepness and lack of secure footings P. 279
134
Which two metrics are often used to indicate the pitch of a roof?
Rise and run
135
A common roof style that has two inclined surfaces that meet at their high side to form a ridge is known as what roof ?
Gable
136
Which type of roof has a break in the slope of the roof on all four sides?
MANSARD
137
Modern ventilation and lighting systems have mostly eliminated which two types of roofs? (p. 281)
Monitor
Sawtooth
138
''''' ARCHES are commonly made of wood and vary in thickness from 2x8 TO 3x16 and in length varying from 8-14ft
LAMELLA ARCH
139
the short LAMELLA are Bolted together in a diagonal pattern, with a special plate known as a
LAMELLA washer
140
The curvature of the LAMELLA arch results from
BEVELING
141
A horizontal structural member used to support a ceiling or floor would be known as what? Regarding flat roof
Joist
142
What is a rafter tie used for in conventional roof framing? (p. 285)
Anchoring the top of the rafter
143
A collar tie is used in which portion of the framing system? (p. 285)
Top 1/3 OF the system
144
''' framing components include
Rafterrs
Ridge boards
collar ties
Ceiling joist, and rafter ties
Conventional framing components
145
How does a rafter run in comparison to the slope of the roof?
Parallel
146
What kind of thrust is created against the walls in a raftered roof? (p. 286)
An outward thrust
147
How does the weight of a roof truss compare to that of the supporting walls? (p. 287)
Much lighter than supporting walls
148
When fighting a fire in a building with structural truss components, which type of operations should be prioritized? (p. 287)
Defensive fire suppression
149
Supports are often substantial with ridge beams typically ''' size larger than a rafter
1x
150
Void spaces in trust roof construction are''' because of the unblocked distance between the top cord and the bottom cord and internal components of the trust
Large
151
What type of connectors are used for the majority of the joints in a bowstring truss? (p. 288) except the '' plates located at the end of the stability
Split ring connectors
Heel plates
152
'''' PITCHED ROOFS USE roll roofing .. (p. 289)
Shallow pitched roofs
153
Vapor barriers are commonly found in roofs where '' fluctuation is common. (p. 292)
Where temp fluctuations are common
154
'' decks serve several purposes, including separating the structure from the effect of whether and supporting the weight of the materials used to weatherproof the structure
Roof decks
155
'''decking is frequently used in application where it serves as both the deck and the exterior roof covering
Corrugated steel decking
156
For wood plank roof decks, what minimum nominal thickness must be present?
1 inch
157
poured insulation materials can be 2 which are ?
Portland cement or gypsum
158
What is designed to reduce the diffusion of interior moisture into the insulation layer? It is used in climate where significant temperature fluctuations are common.
Vapor barriers
159
How many layers of roofing felt are most commonly used on built-up membrane roofs? (p. 292)
4
160
Roofing felt is usually supplied in rolls of what width? (p
3ft
161
Two broad categories of a roof coverings used on pitch roof are
Shingles and metal roof coverings
162
Why are cedar and redwood often used for wood shakes used on roofs in North America? (p. 296)
Resistance to decay
163
Where are corrugated aluminum or steel roofs primarily used? (p. 297)
Industrial/ architectural buildings
164
Corrugated roofing sheets are usually stiff enough that they don’t have to be installed on roofs with what feature? (p. 298)
Decking
165
What support the corrugated roofing sheets
Roof beams or purlins
166
Roofing felt ''' the fire resistance of a roof because it act as an insulating layer and protects the wood decking against heat of external exposing fires
Increase
167
Roofs with intentionally enhanced biodiversity are known as what? (p. 300)
Brown roof
168
A green roof’s load can be accounted for in a similar way to what? (p. 302)
Snow load
169
Which of the following special dangers are posed to firefighters by flat roof structures?
Flat roofs create a false sense of security for firefighters.
170
Since flat roofs are not designed for the same live loads as floors, firefighters accessing a flat roof can expect that '''
The roof will deflect or vibrate noticeably as firefighters walk across it.
171
Roof materials that pass the tests of NFPA 256 are classified as -
ABC
172
Underwriters Laboratory Publish a list of roof coverings that PASS NFPA 256 with their classifications in a similar manner to the fire resistance rating described in chapter 2.. classifications are as follows -
Type I, II, III, IV, V.
173
contact of two dissimilar types of metal, such as using steel nails to attach copper flashing IS '''' type of corrosion?
Galvanic corrosion
174
'''roofing sheets are generally stiffen up to be installed without decking roof beams are pearl and support it
Corrugated
175
How many layers of bitumen-soaked felt are commonly used to apply a built-up membrane for a flat roof?
4
176
And modern practice''' /''' manufactured from plywood and wood truss joists are often used to support FLAT roofs AND FLOORS although these beams provide adequate strength the thin web portion of plywood beam them susceptible to early failure..
I Beams
Box beams
177
Which roofing material has mineral aggregates embedded into the face in order to serve as a wearing surface and to provide color?
Asphalt shingles
178
The final outside cover that is placed on top of a roof deck assembly is called the -
ROOF COVERING
179
What are the typical dimensions of wood rafters?
Between 2" x 4" and 2" x 14".
180
What is the sequence of materials used in constructing a roof covering for a flat roof, beginning at the roof deck and ending at the wearing course?
1- VL
2-I
3-M
4-DL
1) Vapor barrier, 2) insulation, 3) membrane, 4) drainage layer.
181
Painting or staining shingles or shakes can reduce the effectiveness of any''''especially if oil base materials are used
Fire Treatment
182
'''' /''' are populAR architecturalLY BECAUSE THEY PRODUCED A RUSTIC APPEARANCE AND MAY BE MORE RESISTANT TO WIND DAMAGE THAN ASPHALT SHINGLES, THEY'RE DISADVANTAGES THAT THEY POSE A SERIOUS FIRE POTENTIAL DURING AN EXPOSURE CAN EASILY IGNITE THEM. ONCE THEY CAN PRODUCE THAT SPREAD FIRE TO OTHER ROOFS, AND SOME PARTS OF THE COUNTRY HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO FIRES, INCLUDING NEIGHBORHOODS, AND FOR THIS REASON, SOME JURISDICTIONS HAVE prohibited their use.
Wood roof shingles and shakes
183
What devices are used to make pre-cast concrete roof decks nailable for shingles or similar roof surface materials?
Wood nailing strips are embedded into the concrete at regular intervals.
184
WHAT roof decking materials is considered to be "nailable?" X 2
Gypsum
Precast concrete.
185
A truss in which all its diagonal members and chords are aligned in the same plane.
monoplane truss?
186
''''' MEMBRANES are attached to the roof by means of Adhesives.Gravel ballast..,Mechanical fastener.
single-ply membranes
187
he simplest and most common type of construction supporting a flat roof is Ordinary ''' SUPPORTED AT EITHER END BY A '''
wood joists supported at either end by a load-bearing wall.
188
The roof style designed to provide light and ventilation, and was once commonly used in factory buildings, is called a -
Monitor roof
189
A special form of roof constructed from short pieces of wood is what arch
LAMELLA
190
WOOD shingles and shakes use in North America are made from X3 because of the resistance of these woods to decay
red cedar
white cedar or
redwood
191
Corrugated sheet metal roofs do not have to be installed with '''
Roof decking underneath it
192
Depending on the depth of the soil, the dead load of a green roof can vary from ___ pounds per square foot.
20-150
193
What is the purpose of the vapor barrier in a flat roof construction composite? To reduce the diffusion of ''' INTO THE '''' .
interior moisture into the insulation layer.
