chapter 5 Flashcards
foundations
Interior’'’can include:
plaster, gypsum, wood paneling, ceiling titles, plastic, fiberboard
finishes
wall coverings include
decorative furnishing, vegetation and draperies
materials that do not present a continuous surface may be
counter tops, doors and window frames
interior finishes may be classified as
trim
interior finishes may be classified as ‘’’ if they meet what:
do not exceed 10 % of the wall and ceiling area
distributed through the space
do not constitute large continuous surface p. 138
trim
flame spread is movement of ‘’ away from the ignition source.
flame away from the ignition source
speed at which flame will spread over the surface of a material is
surface burning characteristics
any enclosed space without internal fire barriers
compartment
Flame spread over a specific material can be measured and predicted in degrees known as ‘’’ of the material when evaluating :
composition, orientation, thickness of material
ventilation
shape and size of compartment
finished material on ceiling or wall
surface burning characteristics
what is the most significant factor that determines a fuels burn rate IS A COMBO OF
combo of fuel and available oxygen
another factor that greatly affects a materials burning characteristics is the manner in which ‘’ is mounted
interior finish is mounted
building code usually exclude reference to surface treatment such as paint and wall paper no thicker than
1/24 inch
flooring covers have increased developed as a factor int he development of fires especially with the intro if
deep pile floor carpets
refers to a device or atrial that has been tested by any of the several testing labs
listed
coating or paintlik product that expands when exposed to the heat of a fire ( insulating barrier )
intumescent coating
heat resistant construction adhesive material that can be used as a fire retardant coating
mastics
types of ‘’’ coating:
intumescent coating
mastics
gas forming paint
cementitious and mineral fiber coating.140
fire retardants
compartments enclosed with rated assemblies can provide areas of ‘’
areas of refuge for occupants when immediate of rapid exaction is not possible
section of building separated from each other by fire resistant partition
fire area
amount of water required to extinguish a fire in a timely manner
fire flow
having occupancy remain in structure ro protect them from rapidly approaching hazards
shelter in place
assemblies of building components such as doors, roofs ad other structural features that may b/c of code required to have a fire rating ( labeled assembly /fire rated )
rated assembly
fire rated wall w/ specified degree of fire resistance
fire wall
freestanding walls must be designed to resist a lateral load of at least ‘’ PER SQ FT
5 pounds per sq ft
containing a fire greatly reduces potential
economic loss
historically fire walls were required to have a fire rating of
4 hours
’’’ walls are erected at a column line in a building of steel frame or concrete frame construction.. must have sufficient strength to resist “”” pulls of the collapse of the framework on either side
tied walls, lateral pulls
’’ are SELF SUPPORTING WALLS self with respect to vertical loads found in what type buildings x2
free standing walls ( found in type 3 or 5 building ) p.146
fire barriers that extend from 1 floor to the bottom of the floor above or to the underside of a fire rated ceiling assembly ( interior walls that do not qualify as fire walls but are used to subdivide floors )
fire partition
fire wall connected to a line of columns
tied wall
4 hour fire walls must be constructed of
masonry or concrete p. 147
vertical extension of an exterior walll ( above roofline )
parapet wall
fire walls are unpopular w/ designers because
cost, free movement for occupants or material , unattractive
fire partitions can be constructed of:
L
P
G
CB
lath/plaster, gypsum wallboard, concrete block and combo of materials p.149
the purpose of enclosure walls is to block the vertical spread of fire through a buildings openings including:
S
SEP
ES
PC
stairwells
stairwells exits passageways
elevator shafts
pipe chases
stairwells in buildings 4 stories or shorter have to have a what hour rating
1 hour
according to build code what typically eliminates the need of fire walls
auto sprinkler systems
Types of places without fire walls:
F
W
RS
factories , warehouses , retail stores p. 149
taller than 4 stories have to have a ‘’ hour rating
2 hours
most common construction material used for ‘’’ walls is:
gypsum
lath and plaster
concrete bloc k
hollow clay tiles
enclosed
modern concrete walls are frequently used in building with what building material frame?
concrete
nonload bearing walls attached to the outside of a building w/ rigid steel frame.. Usually, the front exterior wall of a building intended to provide a certain appearance
curtain walls
’’’ serve what functions:
resist to environment
control heat loss
limit noise transmission
limit solar radiation.150
curtain walls
common materials used in ‘’’ walls include:
glass
steal
stainless steal
aluminun lightweight concrete plastic
fiberglass
curtain
curtain walls are often what bearing
nonload bearing
Nonfire resistive curtain walls frequently extend from
floor to ceiling of 1 level p. 151
what is the most common means for protecting openings throughout fire rated walls ?
A specifically constructed, tested and approved fire-rated door assembly designed and installed to prevent fire spread by automatically sealing an opening in a fire wall to block the spread of fire is called a -
fire doors
in what increments are fire doors rated ?
20 mins - 4 hours
1/2 and 1/3 hour doors are primarily used in ?
smoke barriers and openings to corridors.p.152
opening in fire wall is what class of fire door
A
opening in vertical shafts and openings in 2 hour rated partitions is what fire door rating
Class b
opening in exterior walls subject to moderate or light exposure from outside is what fire door rating
Class E
Opening between rooms and corridors, having a fire resistance of 1 hour or less
Class C
opening in exterior walls subject to Severe fire exposure from outside of a building is what fire door class
Class D
p. 153
’’’’ doors are often installed where:
along corridors to protect convenience openings
to protect an opening in a fire wall in industrial
on 1or both sides of a wall opening
at a opening in a wall that separates building
rolling overhead
’’’ doors are constructed of interlocking steel slats with other operating components like:
releasing device
speed governor
counterbalance mechanism
wall guides
rolling overhead
devices that fuses or melts when exposed to fire
fusable link
one architectural advantage of a rolling overhead door is that it is relatively
inconspicuous and Unobtrusive
rolling doors should never be used in ‘’ without another one available.
path of egress without another one available. 154
wood core door protected with galvanized sheet metal steel or heavy metal exterior
metal clad door
similar to metal clad , except with lighter gauge metal
tin clad door
metal used often include:
S
GS
TP
steel, galvanized sheet metal , terneplate
most horizontal sliding doors are
metal clad or tin clad P.155
doors that open and close by swing, also known as hinged ( commonly protect stairwell enclosures and corridors
swinging fire doors
swing doors are usually found in:
H
A
S
health care , apartments schools p.156
Regarding special ‘’’ , code identifies parameter for special purpose fire doors that can be used in application with freight /passager elevtors, service counter openings , security counter opening, security, dumbwaiter and chute openings p.157
fire doors
General term for small pieces of equipment made of metal
hardware
wood swinging fire doors include hardware that can also be referred to as
builders hardware or fire door hardware
’’’’ hardware can include:
hinges
locks
latches
bolts
closers
builders
’’’ components may include:
hinges
vent holes ( tin clad door only) adjustable springs
catch
latch bar
keepers.158
hardware
what can be released as part of the programmed response during fire alarm activation regarding doors?
electromagnetic door holders ( faster than fusible links 159
limitation of smoke detectors are :
HC
C
P
higher cost, requires periodic cleaning and must be positioned right
Glass or thermoplastic panel in a wall or other barrier that allows light to pass through … ( used in fire doors when visibility is desired )
glazing
1st type of fire rated glazing was
wired glass
wired glass will what in fire
crack but remain in place until the wire softens
modern glazing does not include
wire
nfpa 80 requires that each piece of glazing installed in a fire door include
listing mark that remains visible after install
series of horizontal slats that are angled to permit easy ventilation in 1 direction of flow and restrict vent in opposite direction
louvers
what must auto close in fire conditions( releasing fusible link )
louvers
louvers cannot be arbitrarily installed in Fire doors only Fire doors that are listed for installation of louvers can have ?
louvers installed right
In the international community, what term is used instead of “interior finish?
Interior lining
Heat-resistant construction adhesives that bond with most materials are known as what? ..
Form a thick noncombustible coating over the surface of the wood
mastics
Modern building codes also use material flame flame spread ratings to restrict the type of interior finish material and some applications building codes generally allowed an increase in flames spread rating of interior advantages, materials, and buildings equipped with’’’
Automatic sprinklers
The first effort at evaluating controlling the combustibility of interior finish materials begin after several ‘’’’ early investigation of a roll of interior finish material concentrated on evaluating the speed with which flame can spread over the’’’’’.
Hotel fires
Surface of a material
During a fire, thin materials behave in a manner similar to the material to which they are attached because the heat is transmitted to the material beneath the surface material in contrast multiple layers of surface material, such as several layers of vinyl act as ‘’’ and will contribute to the spread of fire.
Insulators
Coatings must be applied at a specific rate of square feet per gallon and may require
More than one coat
Treatments may require re-application as specified intervals, especially when used in ‘’’ applications or environments with high humidity
Exterior
Material that is listed as a fire retardant coding does not increase the fire resistance of structural components or assemblies unless it has also been tested and listed for use in ‘’’
fire Resistive assemblies
Because fire retardant coatings are easily applied and attempt it may be made to use them outside their listing as an ‘’’ to other required protections
alternative
What is another name for a rated assembly
Labeled assembly
’’ served the following functions:
Aesthetics, concealment of building utilities, including piping and wiring
Improved control of light, diffusion, and air circulation
Change in interior decor when an older buildings
Ceilings
’’’’ materials can be attached directly to the underside of a roof joist or trusses or they can be installed at a distance beneath the roof support creating a considerable concealed space concealed space may disguise the type of roof structure above
Ceilings
’'’specify details, such as:
Materials that can be used
Allowable spaces of structural members
Type spacing and nail screw patterns of the fasteners
Listings
When a building on one side of a fire wall is heavily involved, what is a natural line upon which to establish a defense..
What types of structure subdivides a building into smaller areas so that a fire in one section will not spread to and destroy the other sections or the entire building?
Firewall
What range of parapet heights are standard above a combustible roof according to building codes? ‘’ to ‘’ inches
18 to 36 inches
One purpose of divisions is to maintain the threshold for requirements of factors such as ‘’’ or allowable areas for example firewalls could divide 100,000 square-foot warehouse into four 25,000 square-foot ‘’’’
Fire flow
fire areas
Firewalls must have sufficient fire resistance, and structural stability to serve as an ‘’’ to a fire and structural collapse on either side of the wall with a section of a building on one side of the firewall becomes heavily involved. The firewall is a natural line along which establishes a ‘’’
Absolute barrier
Defense
Building codes sometimes have exceptions for fire wall specifications in which type of buildings?
type 5
Four-hour rated firewalls must be constructed of what two materials?
Concrete or masonry
In steel frame buildings and steel members such as a column that may be incorporated into the firewall must be provided with the same degree of fire resistance required for the ‘’’’ wall
The structural framework must have sufficient strains to resist the ‘’ pulls of the collapse of framework on either side
Fire wall
Lateral pulls p. 147
In some cases, developers may circumvent the requirements regarding firewall by building ‘’’’’’ walls structures with separate exteriors very near to each other. This technique is often using dense population neighborhoods of single-family residences. Instruct shares as close as 18 inches apart, rated construction take the place of the clear space to prevent fire spread from one structure to adjacent exposure
Freestanding walls p. 148
Tied walls be able to resist ‘’ COLLAPSE.
Lateral collapse
Modern curtain walls are frequently used in buildings with ‘’ frames
Buildings with concrete frames
The development of steel framed high-rise buildings led to the existence of ‘’’ a style of wall designed to separate the interior environment from the exterior environments
curtain walls
Newer ‘’’ wall optic constructed using a combination of materials, newer types can be constructed with metal panels around core materials, such as expanding paper, honeycomb, and compressed glass fiber
Curtain wall
’'’are supported at the edge of each floor of the building and may have a gap between the edge of the floor and the curtain wall openings may be several inches wide and can provide a path for fire spread up the inside.
Curtain walls
Non-fire resistant ‘’ frequently extends from floor to ceiling of one level
design prevent any vertical communication of fire between floors of a building.
Curtain walls
What is an important function of a curtain wall.. Controlling ‘’’
Controlling heat loss
What is one of the most common construction materials used for enclosure walls?
Gypsum
To affectively block the spread of fire, the entire rated fire door assembly must have a degree of fire resistance similar to THE FIRE RATED ‘’’
The fire rated wall
NFPA ‘’ uniform fire code
1
NFPA ‘’ standard for fire door and other opening protectives
80
NFPA ‘’ life safety code
101
NFPA’’ building construction and safety code
5000
codes typically require 3 or 4 hour rated doors in firewall of greater than a ‘’’’ RATING
2 hour rating p. 153
Doors rated at 1 and 1/2 hours normally required for ‘’’’ hour rated vertical enclosures ..
2 hour
’’’ hour doors are used for Vertical enclosures and exit enclosures
One hour
What are the four fire doors?
Rolling overhead door
Horizontal sliding fire doors
Swinging fire doors
Special fire doors
What kind of letter classification is given to openings in VERTICAL shafts? (p. 153)
b
’’’ fire doors commonly protect stairwell, enclosures and corridors. They are available with ratings from 20 minutes to 3 hours
Swinging
What is a good fire door choice where the door frequently in the close position and provisions must be made for pedestrian traffic
Swinging door
Other types of’’’ doors include horizontal, sliding, accordion or folding doors. All types of doors are motor driven and require electrical power for operation a signal from a smoke detector or fire alarm system initiates the closing doors frequently where a fire rated partition is required, and the designer does not wish to provide a fixed wall to create an obstructed floor plan
Special fire doors
What is a primary disadvantage of a fusible link?
Slower to activate
What are rolling overhead doors often made from?
Steel slats
What is another name used for a metal-clad door?
kalemein door
A tin-clad door is often made from an alloy of tin and what other substance?
lead
Door ‘’’ open and close the door for normal use often to use with sliding by your doors mounted on the level or incline track under fire control if usable link disconnect the door from the operator and allows the door to close using a sprint powered door or suspended
Operator
a ‘‘is normally closed and Will return to the closed position using a spring hinge when opened and released self closing doors closers are used for application, including stairwell, doors and doors that separate hotel rooms from corridors
Self closing doors
’’’ can be used with sliding or swinging fire doors when used with a door hold open device the door will close automatically when signal
Door closures
A mechanical device that holds a door open and releases it upon a signal is called a -
Door hold-open device.
Which type of fire door CLOSING DEVICE is designed specifically for sliding fire doors mounted on an inclined or level track?
A DOOR OPERATOR
Doors that open and close above a large opening, such as in warehouse houses or garages and is usually one of the rolling, hinged panel or slab types, also known as rolling overhead doors
Overhead doors
If the room or space requires ventilation and the ‘’’ are automatically closed by a fusible link or similar device during fire conditions IS WHEN A ‘’’’’’ CAN be installed in a fire door?
louvers
In the international community, that term interior lining is used instead of
Interior finish
A series of barriers designed to keep flames, smoke, and heat from spreading between spaces is known as -
Compartmentation.
Firewalls without parapets are not readily identifiable from the outside of the building, particularly for fire walls with a ____ hour rating that can be constructed of materials other than masonry.
2 hour
Fire doors are the most common application of fire-rated glazing with a rating up to ____ can be equipped with glazing.
3 hour
What type of fire-resistive measure is used to protect vertical openings such as stairwells and pipe chases?
Enclosure wall
the Steiner Tunnel Test produces a ___ btu flame in the tunnel.
5000 btu
Mechanical device that closes the door, also known as self closing door..
Door closer
What door is normally closed and will return to the close position using a spring hinge when opened and released they are used for applications, including stairwell, doors and doors that separate hotel rooms from doors..
Door operators, opening and closing door for normal use often used with sliding fire doors mounted on a level or incline track under fire conditions a fusible wink disconnect the door from the operator and allows the door to close the spring power door close or system of suspended weights..
Self closing door
What type of special fire door is used instead of a fire partition in a service counter opening?
An electrically-powered horizontal-folding fire door.
Other types of specially purpose fire doors include’’’
Both types are motor driven and require electric power for operations a signal from the smoke detector or fire alarm system initiations the door, closing a battery powers the motor when the regular power supply is interrupted..
Horizontally, sliding, accordion, or folding doors
Horizontal sliding accordion or folding doors are frequently used where a ‘'’is required and the designer does not wish to provide a fixed wall to create it unobstructed floor plan… these types of doors are using a quarter separation in a lobby of a healthcare facility
A fire rated partition is required
A fire door that is normally closed and will return to the closed position using a spring hinge when opened and released is the definition of a ?
Self closing door
The letter designations used today that have been used to classify fire doors actually were meant to describe THE TYPE OF OPENING FOR WHICH THE ‘’’’
door was intended.
Codes typically require ___ rated fire doors in fire walls of greater than 2-hour rating.
1- or 2-hour.
Fire doors with a fire protection rating of 1 hour or less are used in openings b’twn ‘’ and ‘’’’
Openings between rooms and corridors.
What types x2 of material is used to frame building is a “tied” firewall usually found?
A steel or concrete frame building.
The fire-resistive rating for a swinging fire door with automatic-closing louvers is ‘’ hours
1 1/2 hours.
Freestanding fire walls are usually found in which type of building construction?
3/5
Horizontal sliding fire doors are often equipped with a hole through the center of the door. What is the purpose of this hole?
To vent the gases of decomposition of the door’s wood core when it is exposed to the heat of a fire.
Where is a firefighter most likely to encounter a swinging fire door?
In stairwell enclosures and corridors.
he International Building Code (IBC) also permits combustible structural members to be framed into a masonry or concrete firewall from opposite sides provided that there is a ___ inch separation between the ends of the structural members.
4 inch
A door, frame, and hardware assembly that has a fire-resistive rating from an independent testing agency is known as a -
Rated fire door assembly
Curtains walls serve the following functions:
REL
CHL
LN
LSR
Resist environmental loads
Control heat loss
Limit Noise transmission
LIMIT SOLAR RADIATION
