Chap 3 Flashcards by Riccardo Caruso

Direction of forces from loads acting on interior of structural members is expressed as ?

Stress

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Forces within structural supports systems that resist applied loads are referred to as

reaction R

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Any effect that a structure must be designed to resist like gravity, wind , earthquakes ..

load

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any interaction that may change the motion of an object…A simple measure of weight, usually expressed in pounds or kilograms is known as -

force

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condition of balance that exists when a structural system is capable of supporting the applied load

EQUILBRUIM p. 66

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A REACTION W/IN a structural component that opposes a vertical load is what kind of moment ?

bending Moment

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Most common load imposed on a structure ?

gravity

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Sources of vibration can include

Natural ( wind) , building related ( vent system ) external ( traffic )

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what changes external to building may cause peripheral structural members to expand and contract

Temperature pg.67

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Pulls material apart referred to as tensile stress

Tension

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squeeze the material is referred to as…
Vertical and horizontal forces that push the mass of a material together ‘’’’

compression stress

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slides one plane of material past an adjacent plane

shear

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what forces often can be visually identified and evaluated

external forces

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what forces must be calculated

Interior forces p. 68

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load applied to CENTER of cross section of a member and perpendicular to that cross section.. it can be either tinsel or compressive and create uniform stresses across across section of the material

axial load

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loads perpendicular to the cross section of the structural members , But which does not pass THROUGHT THE CENTER of the cross section..
Creates stresses that Every across cross-section and maybe both tensile and compressive

eccentric loads

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loads applied OFF CENTER from the cross section of the structural compentent And at an angle to or in the same plane as the cross-section produces a’’ effect that creates sheer stress IN A material

Torsional load
twisting

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Point at which materials Ceases
to perform

failure point

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Ratio of failure points of materials to maximum design stress; indicates the strength of a structure beyond the expected or actual loads is a factor of ?

factor of Safety
p. 69

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’’’ types can meet multiple categories that are based on factors such as :
Change over time
load application velocity
weight distribution

Load

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a load that is fixed in its location

Weight of a structure, structural member, building component and any other feature permanently attached to the building that are consistent and immobile

dead load

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loads that is not fixed or permanent…

Items within a building that are not movable, but are not included as a permanent part of the structure

Force placed upon a structure by the addition of people, objects, or whether

Live load

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loads that are steady or applied gradually

static load p. 70

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’’’’ LOADS that involve motion.. also known as shock loading
May include impact from:
Wind
Moving vehicle
Earthquake
Vibrations
Falling objects
Emergency or maintenance work

dynamic loads

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For dynamic loads to stop moving, the surface it impacts must absorb the ?

absorb the kinetic energy

Dynamic loads may cause '''' FAILURE

structural failure

Rain and snow are

Live loads

ponding is

water accumulation. 72

Energy possessed by moving objects because of motion

kinetic

air pressure less than that of the surrounding atmosphere

negative pressure

water at a depth of 3 inches adds a static load of

21 pounds per sq ft.

Straight line winds apply forces to a surface is ?

direct pressure

wind flowing around the objects may catch what '' along building surface?

drag

wind may produce a suction effect on the downwind side of the building resulting in outward pressure

negative pressure

wind may cause the building to sway in back and fourth

rocking

Wind passing over a surface , such as a roof, may shake it is

vibration

wind may dislodge or move objects from a building surface

clean off. 73

Egineers must also account for complex factors such as: BH ST AUD

Building height , surrounding terrain and adjacent urban development

common locations where walls may be insufficiently '' include: construction sites, demo sites , fire damaged buildings

braced

materials used in beams: S W RC

steal , wood, reinforced concrete

what is supported beneath both ends and free to rotate ''' BEAMS

simply supported beams

What beams are rigidly supported at each end, under fire condition, originally supported beam may restrain its fire bearing ability longer than a simply supported beam. A beam with both ends fixed in a masonry column or bearing wall

restrained beam

supported at one end , must be able to support a vertical load in addition to resisting being stresses is what beam ?

cantilever beam ( often to support balconies)

Similar to cantilever beams but with additional support

overhanging beams p.79

i beam is composed of

flange (top /bottom) and web( middle)

center horizontal line of a web is known as

neutral axis

stresses created within a column are

compressive

materials used in columns: W S CI C M

wood, steel , cast iron, concrete and masonry

what are not primarily designed to withstand bending stresses

column

tall, thin columns fail by ? / short squat column fail by ?

bucking / crushing

arches produce what forces at ends

inclined forces that there end supports p.80

materials used in arches: M S C LW

masonry , steel , concrete and laminated wood

if what is removed of an arch it comes unstable

end supports p.81

cables used to support loads over distance will have what type of shape ?

curved shape

what are framed structural units made up of a group of triangles in one plane

trusses

Pic of all truss

p.82

Typical truss shapes span, but in modern construction may exceed

22-70ft/100

connectors used with steel

steel gusset, rivets and welds

connectors used with wood trusses: P/B GP SA B MS

pins/bolts, gusset plates , structural adhesives , brackets and metal straps

top or bottom longitudinal members of a truss

chord

lightweight truss design noted by bow shape , or curve of top chord

bowstring truss

open web truss made of steel

bar joist

metal or wood plates used to connect / strengthen the joints of 2 or more separate components

gusset plates p.83

3 dimensional truss.. An aluminum skeleton upon which an aluminum, plastic, or composite skin is attached is known as a -

space frames

what are commonly placed at exterior of a structure but they may also include internal walls

load bearing walls

common materials in bearing walls: C B S SW CP

concrete block , brick, stone, soild wood and concrete panel p. 84

bearing walls structures use walls to support spanning elements including: B T PCS

beams , trusses , precast concrete slabs

frame construction often referred to

wood frame

historically stud wall frame has been associated with what size wood studs

2x4 i

internal system of structural supports w/in a building

frame.85

what framing uses a series of vertical element ''' to support horizontal elements '''' that carry traverse loads

post and beams

structural load that exerts a force perpendicular to structural members IS A ''' LOAD... found in post and beam framing

transverse load

material used in rigid frame: S LW RC

steal , laminate wood and reinforced concrete

what will be the last portion of assembly to fail under fire conditions

joist p. 86

broad top surface of a column or pilaster designed to spread the load held by a column

capital

concrete floor in which portions of the floor above each column is dropped below the bottom level of the rest of the slab

drop panel

Construction techniques using concrete slabs supported by concrete beams

slab and beam frame

what system consist of an enclosing, waterproof surface

surface systems

similar to fabric tents , but are permit structures... Cables, rods, or even air pressure provide the frame and support for these types of structures.

membrane structure

types of membrane frames: C/M T S

cable and masts , tubular and solid.87

other types of materials used in membrane structures: W C S

wood , concrete and steel

A '''' IS A rigid 3 dimensional structure having thin components Completely made of ''''

shell structures, concrete p.88

The top flange of the beam carries '' stresses

Compressive p. 80

The bottom flange of the beam carries '' stresses, THE TOP CARRIES '''

tensile p. 80 Compressive

Columns are structural members designed to support ''''''' LOADS

Axial loads page 80

An arch is a curved structural member with primary “” stresses

Compressive interior p80

What are shell structures commonly made from?

Concrete

What structural member that carries loads perpendicular to its longitude dimension

Beams

Compressive and tensile stresses in a beam are known as what stresses

Bending stresses

How is stress measured?

Mass multiplied by force

Force exerted on the top cord of a truss is an example of ?

tension

What kind of stresses are created across the cross-section of a material by an axle load?

Uniform stresses

Many types of live loads are also

Static

A load that is applied at one point or over a relatively small area is known as what

A concentrated load

Water accumulation that has happened on large flat roofs is known by what?

Ponding

What kind of maps is provided in all model building codes

Topographical maps

A structural MEMBER that carries loads perpendicular to its longitude dimension is known as what

Beam

The primary design consideration of a beam and its ability to resist what from an applied load

Deformity

Archers produce “”” forces at their end, supports which the support must resist

Incline forces

To provide for minor adjustments, archers are sometimes designed with

Hinges

A true trust is only made up of what kind of members

Straight members

Space frames are well suited to support '''' distributed loads

Uniformly

What is an alternative material that can be used for studs?

Lite gauge metal

A rigid frame structural system is characterized by columns and beams reinforced to transmit the “”” stress through the joints

Bending

Historically, what type of construction system evolved from the use of tree trunks for framing it is still commonly associated with the wood beams and columns

Post and beam construction

How tall are rigid frame buildings?

One story

Materials used for beams would include all but

masonry

a load-bearing system constructed with a skeletal frame and REINFORCEMENT between a column and beam IS WHAT FRAME ? what structural system is characterized by columns and beams reinforced to transmit the bending stresses through the joist... Often single-story and height with gabled roofs

rigid frame

The use or addition of structural supports to improve the ability of a structure to withstand forces imposed by loads is known as structural '''

Structural stiffness.

What building material is notorious for having good compressive strength but poor tensile strength?

concrete

Forces of loads would not include ''' content

Building content

A reaction within a structural component that opposes a vertical load is known as ''' when this is exceeded, the assembly will fail

Bending movement

What is a cantilevered beam usually constructed to support?

Balcony

A system of structural elements that create a joint between a building and its base to minimize seismic force effects on the main structure is called A '' ISOLATION -

Base isolation

Structural accommodation that allows building sections to move independently of each other are called '' JOINTS

Expansion joints

The STRESS resulting from when two forces act on a body in opposite directions in parallel adjacent planes is known as -

Shear stress

Which of the following absorb resonant energy as a structure begins to move?

Damping mechanisms

he amount of stress at which a structural member bends from its original alignment is known as the -

bending moment

Horizontal structural members used to support a ceiling or floor are called -

Joists

Wide vertical parts of a beam between thick ridges at the top and bottom of a beam are called '''' ALSO KNOW AN DIAGONALS

Webs, also known as diagonals

The forces that resist the effect of an applied load are called -

Reaction

With the exception of mechanical equipment that produces vibrations, dead loads are generally''''

Static load

Many types of live loads are also

Static

What type of material is usually employed in building a "shell structure"?

concrete

What kind of structural assembly is designed specifically for carrying loads over distance and can be used in the construction of roofs and buildings?

arch

What is the bottom member of a truss assembly called?

The bottom chord.

A common type of structure that uses the walls of a building to support spanning elements, trusses, and pre-cast concrete slabs is called -

Bearing wall structures.

Stress in a structural member that tends to stretch the member or pull it apart; often used to denote the greatest amount of force a component can withstand without failure is known as -

Tensile stress

The structural members used to support a roof or floor with triangles or a combination of triangles to provide maximum load-bearing capacity with a minimum amount of material are called -

trusses

What is the essential difference between a frame structural system and a bearing wall structural system?

Walls in frame systems do not provide structural support while bearing walls provide the primary vertical load-bearing support.

Expansion joints are often installed -

in concrete

Chap 3 Flashcards

structural design