chap 4 Flashcards
building systems
continuous and unobstructed path of exit travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way
means of egress
stairs that usually connect 2 floors in a multistory building(NOT part of the means of egress )
An open set of stairs connecting two floors
convenience stairs
horizontal face of step
tread
VERTICAL PART of a stair step
riser
HORIZONTAL measurement of a stair tread or the distance of the entire stair length
run
VERTICAL distance b’tw the treads of a stairway, or the height of the entire stairway
rise p. 94
6 types of stairs
straight run , return , scissor, circular, folding and spiral
Intermediate landing b’tw floors and reverse direction at that point( common in modern construction).. May have more than one landing, where the height between floors is greater than normal. This type of stair design is common and modern construction..
return stairs p.95
2 separate sets of stairs constructed in common shaft( cheaper and space efficient ) Often used in assembly building that have large floor to ceiling height
scissor stairs
Often found as grand stairs or convenience stairs serving only 2 levels.. the minimum width of the run is usually 10 inches a special requirement is that small radius full circles is greater than twice the width part of the stair tread
This type of stair design is constructed as a sweeping curve and often used for grand entries and convenience stairs in upscale offices.
found in airports , convention centers, cinema and malls
circular stairs p.96
Series of steps spiraling around singe column to fit in a very small space ( primarily used in residential occupancy.. Each tried is tapered and connectS to the column(baluSTER) at the treads narrowing end.. Primarily used in residential occupancies for limited use.. because they are difficult to traverse ‘’ stairs are generally allowed as part of the means of egress only within residents.. steel ‘’ stairs are sometimes used for access to permit required confined space as well as dry wells and a sewage pump station and an industrial applications..
spiral
Actually ladders used to provide access to an attic.. Most commonly found in residential occupies.. Often located away from the buildings usual functional spaces.. usually have three wooden sections …
folding stairs p.97
extend in 1 direction for entire length.. landings may be used between sections or vertical travel.
straight run
’’’’ stairs as a component of the required means of egress, must meet strict requirements to ensure safe passage during buildings evacuation. this includes:
fire- resistance rating of the enclose
separation when exterior stairs are utilized
features to ensure safety during both nonemergency and emergency use
exit
What stairs must resist the effects of the products of combustion
Protected stairs
Measures indicated in building codes to ‘’’ stair enclosures include:
Limited penetrations in the enclosure for light, fire protection and environmental control
required self or automatic closing fire rated doors
separation from the rest of building
stairway vestibules
protect stair
stairs separated from interior of a building by walls
exterior stairs p. 98
fire escapes are fully anchored to the building, and the anchor points may fail w/o warning due to ?
damage from freeze- thaw cycle
corrosion from pollution and weather
inadequate mortar holding the anchors
active vs passive fire protection
A- moving mechanical or eletric parts that work as a system and require power ( fire alarm )
P- no system activation or movement relies on building construction ( fire walls ) p. 99
building code typically allows the use of open stairs in building only when they connect
no moe that 2 adjacent floors above basement level
system used to transport items and materials
conveyor system
conveyors systems often penetrate fire barriers, and are protected by features such as:
FD
S
S
fire doors , shutters and water spray fixed fire suppression system
Safeguards against incomplete ‘’’ include:
auto stop controls
breaks in conveyor
multi layers of doors or shutters
closure
Conveyor transport devices alined as a stair way with electrically powered steps that move in 1 direction
escalators p. 101
Escalators may be stopped for reasons including :
routine, maintenance
emergency operations
periods of low capacity in building
most common protection for vertical openings is to use closely spaced ‘’ AND ‘’ around openings.
sprinklers and draft stops around openings p. 102
Asme/ANSI A17.1 are based on what regualtions?
elevator regs p. 103
Types of elevators according to their use ?:
P
F
S
passager ( pp)
freight ( bulky or heavy things)
service ( can carry pp or freight)
2 most common types of power in elevators
hydraulic and electric
Elevators operate via fluid forced , under pressure into a cylinder contains a piston to ram
hydraulic
Historically, practical upper limits for hydraulic elevators was about’’ stories tall.
6 stories
Elevators using a hoist cable and drum
electric
4 common STYLES of elevators:
D
T
MRL
D
Drum ( intended for passenger use)
Traction ( passenger use )
Machine room less ( passage use )
dumbwaiter ( cargo )
’’’’ elevators use Hoisting cable Wound on a drum located in a motor room directly over the hoist way
Drum
Vertical shaft in which elevators travel
hoistway p. 105
Obsolete and found in very old structures or in use as freight elevators
drum
Most common type of elevator in buildings over 6 stories ( fast and do not have height limitations ) Like hydraulic or drum style elevators… To drive equipment for traction elevators is contained in the machine room that is usually located directly over the hoist way to drum elevators traction elevators Connor to reduce the amount of energy needed to raise the elevator
traction
what reduces the amount of energy needed to raise the elevators
counterweights
Electrical circuit in which the current can move through the circuit and bolt directions and the flow can be constantly reversing?
Alternating current circuit
Electrical circuit in which the current moves through the circuit and only One Direction
Directo Current p.106
on elevators with DC motor, what stops the car and what do the brakes do
motor stops car and brakes hold the car in place
when electromagnets release and the brakes shoes are forced abasing the drum what is happening
power failure
Hoistways that include all components
machine room less
Passenger safety devices on elevators ?
’’ switch that terminates power b4 elevators hits upper or lower limit
’’ large spring or hydraulic cylinders and pistons at the bottom of pits inside terminal switch fails
’’ speed governors , activates if going to fast
’’ activated if the speed reducing switch fails to slow the car
’’ steel jaws that wedge against the guide rails and bring to stop (designed to stop a free falling car)
Terminal devices - switch that terminates power b4 elevators hits upper or lower limit
buffers- large spring or hydraulic cylinders and pistons at the bottom of pits inside terminal switch fails
speed reducing switch - speed governors , activates if going to fast
overspeed switch - activated if the speed reducing switch fails to slow the car
car safeties - steel jaws that wedge against the guide rails and bring to stop (designed to stop a free falling car) p. 108
extends down from the lowest floor landing to the bottom of the hositway
pit
Elevator hosyways are required to have a what fire rating ‘’ OR ‘’ ..
1 or 2 hours p. 109
what walls panels that are braced agaist lateral loads( Maybe nonload bearing or bearing)
shear walls
tendency of heat, smoke and other prouducts of combustion to rise until they encounter a horizontal obstruction
mushrooming
used for express Elevators that serves only upper floors of tall buildings are what kind of hoistways ?
blind hostway
4 or more elevators must have a min of how many hositwasy
2
zones often include how many floors
15-20 in a row. 110
if the doors are open in an elevtor the what will happen
it will stop moving
how to Elevator doors open ?
the vane strikes the roller that releases the histway door lock , the door than opens
how do ‘’ close:
Driving vane attached the car door hold the door open
The car door opens the van strikes a roller that releases the hoistway door lock
Car door push the The hoist way doors completely open
When the controller signals the door to close a weight forces, the hoistway doors close the driving vans will away from the roller, and the hoistway doors are locked
doors
vertical shaft that contains utility services such as laundry( can provide a path for smoke or fire )
utility chase
space for gravity aided removal of trash or laundry
refuse chute
what are required at tops of chutes and termination rooms
sprinklers p. 114
what type of ducts are typical installed over deep fryers and grills part of ecshaut system for commercial cooking appliance
grease ducts p. 115
concealed vertical channel in which pipes and other unity conduit are housed.Ones, not properly protected can be major contributors to vertical spread of smoke and fire and buildings also known as Chase.
pipe chase
Pipe chase contain piping needed for services including
hot and cold water
drain lines
steam
hot and chilled water of heating/cooling
sprinkler piping
what creates and maintains a comfortable living environment for people
HVAC
TYPE OF ROOFTOP projection historically used for ventilation and lighting and modernly added for aesthetics ( NOT ENGLISH)
Cupola `p.117
what draws air from outside sources into the building
outside air intake
codes regulate the location of air intakes to MIN drawing in the following hazards
combustible , flammable or toxic substance , vehicle exhaust and smoke from fires p. 118
fuels used in fuel fired heating equip van include ‘’ or’’ other types use ‘’/’’
GAS OR OIL / ELETRIC OR STEam
UNOCCUPIED space w/in a building through which air flows back to the HVAC . usually above a ceiling and below insulated roofs or the floor above
return air plenum
device that auto restricts the flow of AIR through all or part of an air handling system. ( activated by fire alarm or fusible links)
fire damper p.119
Vent systems designed to REMOVE stale air, smoke, vapors or other airborne contaminants
exhaust system
Many HVAC systems distribute conditioned air through the building from one or more mechanical equipment rooms. The ductwork ON such systems are generally known as.’’’’’’
building heating and cooling system that uses air as a heat transfer medium
forced air system
Systems that use extensive ‘’’ are of great interest to fire protection engineers and FF because of what disadvantages:
pathways for comm of heat and smoke
penetration of fire rated assemblies that can destroy the integrity of assembly
dedicated use of substantial amount of space
ducting
Building heating and cooling system that uses water as a heat transfer medium
hydronic system
rooftop or independent unit hat ejects waste heat into the atmosphere to lower temps in system
cooling tower
movement of air back into a vent system after being ejected
recirculation
NFPA 901 requires what fire rating for enclosure less than 4 stories and what for taller than 4 regarding fire rating ?
1 hour fire rating / 2 p. 120
protective treatment for exterior windows designed to withstand hurricane conditions
hurricane glazing
strategic use of passive and active devices to direct or stop movement of smoke
smoke control
setting on an HVAC SYSTEM OR FIRE ALARM CONTROL unit that can be activated auto or manually to initiate a programmed smoke control procedure
smoke control mode p. 121
Factors designers must anticipate regarding ‘’ control system
fire size , weather , volume , max pressure diff across barriers
smoke control
whats systems can signal HVAC controls to transfer to smoke control mode:
SD
HD
SWS
smoke detectors , heat detectors and sprinkler waterflow switches
a primary disadvantage of a auto alarm system is the # of elements that must be coordinated for max benefit including ?
fire alarm , auto sprinklers and HVAC zones
Manaul pull station accessible to public should active only what
alarm system not smoke control
interface b’tw smoke MNGT system and fire respond
FF smoke control station
Advantage of Manual control ARE :
no system disruptions due to ‘’ and more specific ‘’
no system disruptions due to false alarm and more specific system control
rooftop smoke vents are typically required in what kind of building:
I
S
M
industrial , storage and mercantile,123
noncombustible barriers of dividers hung from ceiling in large open areas that are designed to Minimize the mushrooming effect
draft curtains ALSO CALLED
DRAFT STOP /CURTAIN BOARDS
draft curtains should not be less than what % of ceiling height
20
curtain boards should not be spaced so that they are not farther apart than ‘’ the ‘’ height.
8 x the ceiling height.124
method used to determine the ‘’’ area requires an analysis of the ?
heat release of fuel
ceiling height
depth of curtain boards
vent
roof vents in sprinkled building are ‘’’’ than non-sprinkler buildings because’’’
less effective than in non sprinklers building b/c there is less smoke due to the sprinkler cooling the gases
smoke vents are what loaded and what must FF due when opening
spring .. must position away from hatch b4 operating
once style of smoke protection for stairways is a ‘’ .. seperated from the building quarter by a vestibule that is open to the atmosphere.. smoke entering the Vestibule from the corridor is exhausted to the atmosphere in the stairwell remains free of smoke…
fully enclosed escape Stairway that exits directly onto a public way.. these enclosures are either mechanically pressurized, or they require the user to exit the building onto an outside balcony before entering the stairway.
smoke tower
One style of smoke controlling for stairways is the use of a’’'’.. Separated from a building corner by vestibule that is open to the atmosphere.. Smoke entering the vestibule from the corridor is exhausted to the atmosphere in the stairwell remains free of smoke.. ‘’’’ requires expensive concession:
location on the periphery(outside surface) floor plan
dedicated floor spaces
corridor access to stair well p.125
smoke tower
stairwell pressurization system that uses 1 point of supply air … Uses Fans to supply air to a stairwell at a single point
single injection system
stairwell pressurization system that uses an air supply shaft that discharges soppy air at uniform rates along several points w/in stairwell
multiple injection system p. 126
in what system can airflow into the stairwell be adjusted on a # of doors that may be open , pressure may be modulated or vented
compensated system
air presser above normal or atmospheric pressure
overpressure
what uses input pressure sensors that compare the stairwell and the intro of the building ?
modulation
Modulations use input pressure sensors that compare the stairwells and the interior of the building the system, then adapts the fan components to reach the appropriate level of pressurization in the stairwell.. Adjustment used in modulation can affect the following :
Speed of ‘’
Inlet ‘’
Variable pitch ‘’
# of ‘’ opts
speed of fan , inlet vanes , variable pitch fan blade and # of fans operating
high voltage equipment is defined as operating ? low voltage
600 volts or higher / less than 600
device that uses coils and magnetics fields to increase or decrease incoming VOLTAGE
transformers.128
2 most common cooling methods for transformers
air and oil
air cooled transformers also called ‘’’’ TRANSFORMERS…
use ‘’’’’’’ to cool the units fins, heatsink ad vent openings
dry transformer/ surrounding air
most modern day transformers are designed for use inside what spaces ?
sprinklered spaces
what Appliances us electricity us at 480 V by/227
Hvac , refrigeration and other motors/light fixtures
480/227 V services what type of buildings:
S
H
M
F
BBS
schools , hostpicals , malls, factories big box stores
Dry transformers are located through the building to step down the voltage to 120 for resources such as
officer equip, table lamps and appliances
High temp luminous eletric discharge across a gap
arc
material that is a poor conductor of electricity, added to tool handles
dielectic
toxic compound found in some older oil filled eletric transformers
polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb)p.129
transformers inside buildings are located but in high raised
at or near grade/ upper levels
transformers in buildings must be rated for ‘'’if its not protected by sprinklers and ‘’’ if they are protected.
3 hours / 1 hour
backup systems may consist of
generators , batteries or combo of both
emergency backup generators are used where
highrises , denetions centeres, fire , police , telecommunication facilites
generators are typically what driven
engince using gas, diesel , propane or natural gas
day tanks for generators are limited to how many gallons
60p.130
a system including a battery , charger and electrical equipment for a application
stationary storage battery system,131
Primary safety hazard at conveyor penitentiary during a fire are ‘’ shutter ‘’.
Incomplete shutter closure
Stairs can be ‘’ using lightweight materials and techniques components are held together using’'’which are known to fail under specific conditions having been tested for ROOFS / floor joist.
Prefabricated
Metal gasSETS
Horizontal platform, where a flight of stairs begins or ends
Landing p. 95
Some buildings use fix ladders (‘’) in similar application to provide access to areas, including x3
Ship ladders
Mechanical spaces
Roof hatches at the top of stairways
Between roof levels with portions at different elevations
switch that terminates power b4 elevators hits upper or lower limit is a ‘’’’
Terminal devices
large spring or hydraulic cylinders and pistons at the bottom of pits inside terminal switch fails is a ‘’’’
buffers
SPEED governors , activates if going to fast is a speed ‘’’’
speed reducing switch
’’’ switch is activated if the speed reducing switch fails to slow the car
overspeed switch
steel jaws that wedge against the guide rails and bring to stop (designed to stop a free falling car) are car ‘’’’
p. 108
car safeties
A stairwell that utilizes a blower or fan to provide a slightly greater pressure in the stairwell than the corridor to prevent infiltration of smoke from the corridor into the stairwell is called a -
Pressurized stairwell
A device that uses coils and magnetic fields to increase (step-up) or decrease (step-down) incoming voltages is known as a -
Transformer
Buildings that often include’’’ stairs include
Airport terminals
Convention centers
Malls
Cinema complexes
Scissor stairs
In what situation would a firefighter find an elevator car with a side exit panel?
In a multiple-elevator hoistway.
Stairways that are designed to limit the penetration of products of combustion into a stairway enclosure that serves as part of a means of egress is known as -
Smoke proof stairways
Draft curtains are also called x2
Draft stops
Curtain boards
Where would you locate the motor operating the doors of an elevator car?
On top of the car
Recent innovations in elevator technology have replaced traditional elevator cables with FLAT ‘’’’ STEEL ‘’’’
Flat polyethylene-coated steel belt
The vertical distance between treads of a stairway and the horizontal measurement of the stair tread is the “” of a set of stairs?
rise and run
A device for generating auxiliary electrical power is known as a(an) -
Generator
Settings on an HVAC system or Fire Alarm Control Unit system that can be activated automatically or manually to initiate a programmed smoke control procedure is known as -
Smoke control mode
An engineered system designed to CONTROL SMOKE by using mechanical fans to produce air flows and pressure differences across smoke barriers to limit and direct smoke movement is called a ‘’’ system
Smoke control system
Codes specify the minimum required fuel storage for generators. Operational requirements for hospitals and other critical facilities may require enough fuel to run a generator ___ or longer.
48 hours
Which type of elevator does NOT have emergency traction brakes in the event of system failure?
Hydraulic elevator.
What mechanism drives the escalator steps around an escalator frame, and where is the driving machinery for the tracks located?
Step chain and the machinery is located under a plate at the upper landing.
In buildings, light fixture ballasts use ____ of electricity.
277 volts.
Older escalators operate at speeds of ___ per minute.
90 - 120
You have received a report of a transformer fire in a three-story manufacturing building. Where would the transformer most likely be found if it is located inside the building?
In a room or vault located at or near grade level
transformer rooms or vaults that store transformers must have a ___ fire-rated construction if the room is NOT protected by sprinklers.
What hour for sprinklers ?
3 hours
1 hour
’’’’ create large unprotected vertical openings for rapid fire communication between building floors
Escalators
The sawtooth cut joists upon which the stair treads, risers, and posts are connected.
stringer ( carrier)
Where can a firefighter expect to encounter lead-acid batteries in an office building?
Fire alarm control systems
In electrical supply utility rooms.
Under desks next to computers.
’’’’’’ are used in ‘’’’- filled transformers to conduct heat away from the core and also to electrically insulate internal components from arcing.
oils
What safety design must always be provided in the construction of a circular staircasE… The small radius of the full circle is greater than or equal to twice ‘’’’’
the width of the stair tread.
The interface between the smoke management system and the fire response forces is called the FF ‘’
Firefighter’s Smoke Control Station.
On circular stairs, what is the minimum width of a run?
10 inches
In which pressurized stairwell does an air supply shaft run parallel to the stairwell from the supply fan?
Multiple-injection system.
A large building may contain more than one multiple hoistway, but each hoistway is limited by code to no more than ‘’ elevators
4
’’’’ are generally designed with inadequate life load capacity to accommodate a full load of descending building occupants or ascending firefighter companies.
Fire escapes
A device that automatically restricts the flow of SMOKE through all or part of an air-handling system is called the ‘’’’
Smoke damper
In a multiple-elevator car, what automatically happens when the side exit access panel is opened?
Electric interlocks are triggered, that prevent the car from moving.
A means of egress consists of three separate and distinct parts which include x3 ‘’’
EA
E
ED
exit access
exit
exit discharge
’’’’ power supply which is a small lead-acid battery backup power supply to prevent personal and network computers from going down.
Uninterrupted
In what situation would a firefighter find an elevator car with a side exit panel?
in a multiple-elevator hoistway.
