Chapter 8 Flashcards
development
the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving growth and decline
cross-sectional designs
a group of people is assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time
longitudinal study
measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time
nature
an individuals biological inheritance, especially genes
nurture
an individuals environmental and social experiences
resilience
a persons ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times
germinal
(weeks 1 and 2) begins with conception and continues with cell division of the zygote
embryonic
(weeks 3 through 8) zygote is now an embryo, cell differentiation intensifies, beginnings of organs appear
fetal periods
(months 2 through 9) fetus continues growth, organ functioning increases in the last three months, and the fetus puts on considerable weight and size
teratogens
any agent that causes a problem in prenatal development
assimilation
An individual’s incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
accomodation
An individual’s adjustment of their schemas to new information.
sensorimotor stage
lasting from birth to about two years, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions.
object permanence
objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.
preoperational stage
lasting from about two to seven years, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.
concrete observational stage
lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations.
formal operational stage
11 to 15 years of age and continues through the adult years; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to develop hypotheses about the future.
executive function
Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem-solving.
temperament
An individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.
infant attachment
The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver.
secure attachment
The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
trust v mistrust
infancy is cocerned with establishing trust with the social world
autonomy v shame and doubt
during toddlerhood, children experience the beginnings of self control
iniative v guilt
in early childhod, preschoolers experience what it is like to have their own interests, friendships and responsibilities
industry v inferiority
during middle and late childhood, children enter school and gain competence in academic skills
identity v role confusion
occurs in adolescence, conflicted by identity and values and ideas
intimacy v isolation
occurs in adulthood, forming relationships with romantic partners
generativity v stagnation
middle adulthood, strive to nurture things that will outlast them
ego integrity v despair
occurs from 65 older, assess and make sense of life
authoritarian
A restrictive, punitive parenting style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent’s directions and to value hard work and effort.
authoritative
A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.
neglectful
A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child’s life.
permissive
A parenting style characterized by placing few limits on the child’s behavior.
emerging adulthood
The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, approximately 18 to 25 years of age.
gender identity
The social and psychological aspects of being male, female, both or neither.
sexual orientation
The direction of an individual’s erotic interests, today viewed as a continuum from exclusive male–female relations to exclusive same-gender relations.
gender roles
reflect society’s expectations for how people of different genders should think, act, and feel.
gender similarities hypothesis
Hyde’s proposition that people of different genders are much more similar than they are different.
preconventional morality
the consequences of a behavior and on punishments and rewards from the external world
conventional morality
the person abides by standards learned from parents or society’s laws
postconventional morality
the person recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code
prosocial behavior
behavior that is intended to benefit other people
