Chapter 8

Question 1

development

Answer 1

the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving growth and decline

Question 2

cross-sectional designs

Answer 2

a group of people is assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time

Question 3

longitudinal study

Answer 3

measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time

Question 4

nature

Answer 4

an individuals biological inheritance, especially genes

Question 5

nurture

Answer 5

an individuals environmental and social experiences

Question 6

resilience

Answer 6

a persons ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times

Question 7

germinal

Answer 7

(weeks 1 and 2) begins with conception and continues with cell division of the zygote

Question 8

embryonic

Answer 8

(weeks 3 through 8) zygote is now an embryo, cell differentiation intensifies, beginnings of organs appear

Question 9

fetal periods

Answer 9

(months 2 through 9) fetus continues growth, organ functioning increases in the last three months, and the fetus puts on considerable weight and size

Question 10

teratogens

Answer 10

any agent that causes a problem in prenatal development

Question 11

assimilation

Answer 11

An individual’s incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

Question 12

accomodation

Answer 12

An individual’s adjustment of their schemas to new information.

Question 13

sensorimotor stage

Answer 13

lasting from birth to about two years, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions.

Question 14

object permanence

Answer 14

objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.

Question 15

preoperational stage

Answer 15

lasting from about two to seven years, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.

Question 16

concrete observational stage

Answer 16

lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations.

Question 17

formal operational stage

Answer 17

11 to 15 years of age and continues through the adult years; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to develop hypotheses about the future.

Question 18

executive function

Answer 18

Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem-solving.

Question 19

temperament

Answer 19

An individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Question 20

infant attachment

Answer 20

The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver.

Question 21

secure attachment

Answer 21

The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

Question 22

trust v mistrust

Answer 22

infancy is cocerned with establishing trust with the social world

Question 23

autonomy v shame and doubt

Answer 23

during toddlerhood, children experience the beginnings of self control

Question 24

iniative v guilt

Answer 24

in early childhod, preschoolers experience what it is like to have their own interests, friendships and responsibilities

Question 25

industry v inferiority

Answer 25

during middle and late childhood, children enter school and gain competence in academic skills

Question 26

identity v role confusion

Answer 26

occurs in adolescence, conflicted by identity and values and ideas

Question 27

intimacy v isolation

Answer 27

occurs in adulthood, forming relationships with romantic partners

Question 28

generativity v stagnation

Answer 28

middle adulthood, strive to nurture things that will outlast them

Question 29

ego integrity v despair

Answer 29

occurs from 65 older, assess and make sense of life

Question 30

authoritarian

Answer 30

A restrictive, punitive parenting style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent’s directions and to value hard work and effort.

Question 31

authoritative

Answer 31

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

Question 32

neglectful

Answer 32

A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child’s life.

Question 33

permissive

Answer 33

A parenting style characterized by placing few limits on the child’s behavior.

Question 34

emerging adulthood

Answer 34

The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, approximately 18 to 25 years of age.

Question 35

gender identity

Answer 35

The social and psychological aspects of being male, female, both or neither.

Question 36

sexual orientation

Answer 36

The direction of an individual’s erotic interests, today viewed as a continuum from exclusive male–female relations to exclusive same-gender relations.

Question 37

gender roles

Answer 37

reflect society’s expectations for how people of different genders should think, act, and feel.

Question 38

gender similarities hypothesis

Answer 38

Hyde’s proposition that people of different genders are much more similar than they are different.

Question 39

preconventional morality

Answer 39

the consequences of a behavior and on punishments and rewards from the external world

Question 40

conventional morality

Answer 40

the person abides by standards learned from parents or society's laws

Question 41

postconventional morality

Answer 41

the person recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code

Question 42

prosocial behavior

Answer 42

behavior that is intended to benefit other people