Chapter 1

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

behavior

Answer 2

everything we do that can be directly observed

Question 3

mental processes

Answer 3

thoughts, feelings, and motives that cannot be observed directly

Question 4

critical thinking

Answer 4

thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating evidence

Question 5

empirical method

Answer 5

gaining knowledge by observing events, collecting data, and reasoning logically

Question 6

wundt, structuralism

Answer 6

identifying the elemental parts or structures of the human mind (introspection)

Question 7

james, functionalism

Answer 7

probed the functions or purposes of the mind and behavior in the individuals adaptation to the environment (understand purpose of thoughts)

Question 8

darwin, natural selection

Answer 8

an evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and reproduce

Question 9

freud

Answer 9

most human behavior is cause by unconscious impulses pressing for expression

Question 10

biological approach

Answer 10

focus on the body (brain and nervous system)

Question 11

neuroscience

Answer 11

structure, function, development, genetics and biochemistry of the nervous system

Question 12

behavioral approach

Answer 12

emphasizes scientific study of observable behaviors and their environmental determinants

Question 13

psychodynamic (freud)

Answer 13

unconscious thought and the conflict between biological drive and societies demands

Question 14

humanistic approach

Answer 14

emphasizes positive qualities and the capacity for positive growth

Question 15

cognitive approach

Answer 15

emphasizes mental processes involved in knowing how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems

Question 16

sociocultural approach

Answer 16

examines the influences of social and cultural environments on behavior

Question 17

culture

Answer 17

the shared knowledge, practices, and attitudes of groups of people

Question 18

biopsychosocial approach

Answer 18

behavior is influenced by biological factors, psychological factors, and sociocultural factors

Question 19

psychology scientific method

Answer 19

observe a phenomenon, formulate a hypothesis, that through empirical research, draw and evaluate conclusions

Question 20

variable

Answer 20

anything that can change

Question 21

theory

Answer 21

a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempt to explain observations

Question 22

hypothesis

Answer 22

a testable prediction that derives logically from a theory

Question 23

operational definition

Answer 23

provides obective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed

Question 24

descriptive research

Answer 24

finding out the basic dimensions of some variable

Question 25

case study

Answer 25

in-depth look at a single individual

Question 26

correlational research

Answer 26

discovering relationships between variables

Question 27

experiment

Answer 27

carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables

Question 28

random assignment

Answer 28

assign groups by chance

Question 29

placebo effect

Answer 29

when the participants expectations, rather than the treatment, produce an outcome

Question 30

placebo

Answer 30

harmless substance that has no physiological effect

Question 31

population

Answer 31

entire group in which conclusions are drawn

Question 32

sample

Answer 32

population chosen to study

Question 33

random sample

Answer 33

every member of the population has an equal chance to be selected

Question 34

naturalistic observation

Answer 34

observing behavior in a real world setting