Chapter 12

Question 1

abnormal behavior

Answer 1

Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

Question 2

Culture, context, and the meaning of abnormal behavior

Answer 2

cultural norms provide guidance about how people should behave

Question 3

biological approach

Answer 3

attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes

Question 4

medical model

Answer 4

The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin.

Question 5

psychological approach

Answer 5

emphasizes contributions of experiences, thoughts emotions and personality disorders in explaining psychological disorders

Question 6

sociocultural approach

Answer 6

emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives and characteristics including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships, an culture.

Question 7

biopsychosocial approach

Answer 7

biological, psychological and social factors are significant factors in abnormal behavior

Question 8

Vulnerability-stress hypothesis

Answer 8

preexisting conditions put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

Question 9

DSM-5

Answer 9

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States (American Psychiatric Association)

Question 10

ICD-10

Answer 10

International Classification of Diseases and Related Problems; another diagnostic system which includes a chapter on mental and behavioral disorders (World Health Organization)

Question 11

comorbidity

Answer 11

The simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person. The conditions are referred to as “comorbid.”

Question 12

risk factors

Answer 12

Characteristics, experiences, or exposures that increase the likelihood that a person will develop a psychological disorder.

Question 13

autism

Answer 13

persistent deficits in social communication/interaction and restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests and activities

Question 14

ADHD

Answer 14

individuals show one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Question 15

anxiety related disorders

Answer 15

motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.

Question 16

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 16

persistent anxiety for at least six months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety.

Question 17

panic disorder

Answer 17

Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

Question 18

specific phobia

Answer 18

Psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

Question 19

social anxiety disorder

Answer 19

An intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.

Question 20

OCD

Answer 20

Disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation.

Question 21

PTSD

Answer 21

Anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or unnatural disaster.

Question 22

dissociative disorder

Answer 22

sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation of the individual’s conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts

Question 23

dissociative amnesia

Answer 23

extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress.

Question 24

dissociative identity disorder

Answer 24

individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships.

Question 25

major depressive disorder

Answer 25

major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks.

Question 26

bipolar disorder

Answer 26

extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

Question 27

anorexia nervosa

Answer 27

Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Question 28

bulimia nervosa

Answer 28

Eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

Question 29

binge eating disorder

Answer 29

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.

Question 30

schizophrenia

Answer 30

highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from schizophrenia may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality.

Question 31

psychosis

Answer 31

A state in which a person’s perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.

Question 32

hallucinations

Answer 32

Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli.

Question 33

delusions

Answer 33

False, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture.

Question 34

catatonia

Answer 34

State of immobility and unresponsiveness, lasting for long periods of time.

Question 35

flat effect

Answer 35

The display of little or no emotion—a common negative symptom of schizophrenia.

Question 36

personality disorders

Answer 36

Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality.

Question 37

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 37

Psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

Question 38

borderline personality disorder

Answer 38

instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotions, and marked impulsivity

Question 39

biological factors of suicide

Answer 39

correlated with low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin or poor physical health

Question 40

psychological factors of suicide

Answer 40

highly stressful circumstances, substance abuse, and being bullied

Question 41

sociocultural factors of suicide

Answer 41

economic hardship and poverty, adolescents among various ethnic groups

Question 42

consequences of stigma

Answer 42

provokes prejudice and discrimination towards individuals who are struggling

Question 43

overcoming stigma

Answer 43

accepting that people are not defined by their disorders and they are still people