Chapter 7

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking and knowing

Question 2

AI

Answer 2

machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when done by people

Question 3

thinking

Answer 3

manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively

Question 4

concepts

Answer 4

a mental category used to group objects, events, and characteristics

Question 5

prototype model

Answer 5

when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare it to the most typical item in that category

Question 6

problem-solving

Answer 6

the mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when it is not readily available

Question 7

subgoals

Answer 7

intermediate goals that put one in a better position to reach a final goal

Question 8

algorithms

Answer 8

strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem

Question 9

heuristics

Answer 9

shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer

Question 10

functional fixedness

Answer 10

failing to solve a problem due to fixation on a things usual function

Question 11

reasoning

Answer 11

the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

Question 12

inductive reasoning

Answer 12

reasoning from a specific observations to make generalizations

Question 13

deductive reasoning

Answer 13

reasoning from a general case known to be true to a specific instance

Question 14

decision making

Answer 14

the mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them

Question 15

loss aversion

Answer 15

the tendency to prefer to avoid losses over tempting to acquire gains

Question 16

confirmation bias

Answer 16

the tendency to search for and use information that supports ones ideas rather than refutes them

Question 17

hindsight bias

Answer 17

the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome

Question 18

availability heuristic

Answer 18

a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events

Question 19

base rate neglect

Answer 19

the tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of a very specific but vivid information

Question 20

representatives heuristic

Answer 20

the tendency to judge group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and ones stereotype

Question 21

mindfulness

Answer 21

the state of being alert and mentally present for ones everyday activities

Question 22

divergent

Answer 22

thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem

Question 23

divergent thinking

Answer 23

thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem

Question 24

convergent thinking

Answer 24

thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem

Question 25

intelligence

Answer 25

all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience

Question 26

validity

Answer 26

the soundness of a researchers conclusions from an experiment

Question 27

reliability

Answer 27

the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible performance measure

Question 28

IQ

Answer 28

an individuals mental age divided by the chronological age multiplied by 100

Question 29

normal distribution

Answer 29

a symmetrical bell-shaped curve, with majority of scores falling in the middle of the range

Question 30

culture fair tests

Answer 30

intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased

Question 31

gifted

Answer 31

possessing high intelligence or superior talent in particular area

Question 32

intellectual disability

Answer 32

a condition of limited mental ability, IQ below 70

Question 33

triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 33

sternbergs theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical

Question 34

language

Answer 34

a form of communication based on a system of symbols

Question 35

syntax

Answer 35

a languages rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences

Question 36

semantics

Answer 36

the meaning of words and sentences in a particular language

Question 37

biological influences

Answer 37

chomskys theory of langauge development