Chapter 7 Flashcards
cognition
how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking and knowing
AI
machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when done by people
thinking
manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively
concepts
a mental category used to group objects, events, and characteristics
prototype model
when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare it to the most typical item in that category
problem-solving
the mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when it is not readily available
subgoals
intermediate goals that put one in a better position to reach a final goal
algorithms
strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem
heuristics
shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer
functional fixedness
failing to solve a problem due to fixation on a things usual function
reasoning
the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
inductive reasoning
reasoning from a specific observations to make generalizations
deductive reasoning
reasoning from a general case known to be true to a specific instance
decision making
the mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them
loss aversion
the tendency to prefer to avoid losses over tempting to acquire gains
confirmation bias
the tendency to search for and use information that supports ones ideas rather than refutes them
hindsight bias
the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome
availability heuristic
a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events
base rate neglect
the tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of a very specific but vivid information
representatives heuristic
the tendency to judge group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and ones stereotype
mindfulness
the state of being alert and mentally present for ones everyday activities
divergent
thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem
divergent thinking
thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem
convergent thinking
thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem
intelligence
all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience
validity
the soundness of a researchers conclusions from an experiment
reliability
the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible performance measure
IQ
an individuals mental age divided by the chronological age multiplied by 100
normal distribution
a symmetrical bell-shaped curve, with majority of scores falling in the middle of the range
culture fair tests
intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased
gifted
possessing high intelligence or superior talent in particular area
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability, IQ below 70
triarchic theory of intelligence
sternbergs theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical
language
a form of communication based on a system of symbols
syntax
a languages rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences
semantics
the meaning of words and sentences in a particular language
biological influences
chomskys theory of langauge development
