Chapter 11

Question 1

social psychology

Answer 1

how people think about, influence, and relate to others.

Question 2

bystander effect

Answer 2

An individual who observes an emergency tends to be less likely to help when other people are present than when the observer is alone.

Question 3

social cognition

Answer 3

how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

Question 4

stereotype

Answer 4

A generalization about a group’s characteristics that does not consider variations from one individual to another.

Question 5

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 5

Social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectations are realized.

Question 6

stereotype threat

Answer 6

An individual’s fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group.

Question 7

attribution theory

Answer 7

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

Question 8

fundamental attribution theory

Answer 8

Observers overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person’s behavior.

Question 9

attitudes

Answer 9

An individual’s opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas—how the person feels about the world.

Question 10

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

Answer 10

guards acted sadistically towards prisoners, and prisoners became docile and lost their sense of self

Question 11

cognitive dissonance

Answer 11

An individual’s psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Question 12

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 12

Theory identifies two ways to persuade: central and peripheral routes.

Question 13

altruism

Answer 13

Giving to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.

Question 14

egosim

Answer 14

Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self-esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid social and self-censure for failing to live up to society’s expectations.

Question 15

empathy

Answer 15

A feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

Question 16

aggression

Answer 16

Social behavior that aims to harm someone, either physically or verbally.

Question 17

overt agression

Answer 17

Physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person.

Question 18

relational aggression

Answer 18

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person.

Question 19

mere exposure effect

Answer 19

the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before.

Question 20

social exchange theory

Answer 20

The view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

Question 21

conformity

Answer 21

A change in a person’s behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard.

Question 22

informational social influence

Answer 22

The influence other people have on us because we want to be right

Question 23

normative social influence

Answer 23

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us.

Question 24

obedience

Answer 24

Behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.

Question 25

milligrams study of obedience

Answer 25

delivered a series of electric shocks to another person when they made mistakes, increasing the intensity of the shock each time. The learner has a heart condition and is in pain, but the person shocking is too old to continue.

Question 26

deindividuation

Answer 26

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group.

Question 27

social contagion

Answer 27

Imitative behavior involving spreading behavior, emotions, and ideas.

Question 28

social facilitation

Answer 28

Improvement in an individual’s performance because of the presence of others.

Question 29

social loafing

Answer 29

Each person’s tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.

Question 30

groupthink

Answer 30

The impaired group decision-making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

Question 31

prejudice

Answer 31

An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual’s membership in a group.

Question 32

systemic racism

Answer 32

Systems, structures, and procedures in a society that disadvantage a racial group and privilege another.

Question 33

microaggressions

Answer 33

Every day, subtle and potentially unintentional acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups.

Question 34

discrimination

Answer 34

Every day, subtle and potentially unintentional acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups.