Chapter 10

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize how an individual adapts to the world.

Question 2

psychodynamic perspectives

Answer 2

personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness)

Question 3

id

Answer 3

the part of the person that Freud called the “it,” consisting of unconscious drives; the individual’s reservoir of sexual energy.

Question 4

ego

Answer 4

the freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.

Question 5

superego

Answer 5

the freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of the individual’s behavior; what is often referred to as conscience.

Question 6

defense mechanisms

Answer 6

tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 7

denial

Answer 7

ego refused to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities

Question 8

displacement

Answer 8

directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target

Question 9

repression

Answer 9

exclusion of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings from the conscious mind

Question 10

oral stage

Answer 10

first 18 months, pleasure centers the mouth

Question 11

anal stage

Answer 11

18 to 36 months, pleasure surrounds anus and urethra

Question 12

phallic stage

Answer 12

3 to 6 years, pleasure focuses on genitals

Question 13

latency period

Answer 13

6 years to puberty, child sets aside interest in sexuality

Question 14

genital stage

Answer 14

adolescence to adulthood, source of pleasure shifts to someone outside the family

Question 15

humanistic perspective

Answer 15

capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities.

Question 16

unconditional positive regard

Answer 16

rogers’s construct referring to the individual’s need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of their behavior.

Question 17

conditions of worth

Answer 17

the standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others.

Question 18

self-concept

Answer 18

our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become

Question 19

trait theories

Answer 19

personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses.

Question 20

big five factors of personality

Answer 20

The five broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (emotional instability).

Question 21

neuroticism

Answer 21

feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion

Question 22

extraversion

Answer 22

more likely to engage in social activities

Question 23

openness to experience

Answer 23

related to open-mindedness and creativity

Question 24

conscientiousness

Answer 24

strong desire to achieve

Question 25

agreeableness

Answer 25

generosity and altruism

Question 26

social cognitive perspectives

Answer 26

conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

Question 27

banduras social cognitive theory

Answer 27

behavior environment and person/cognitive factors are all important in understanding personality

Question 28

reciprocal determinism

Answer 28

describe the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality

Question 29

internal versus external focus of control

Answer 29

behavioral control coming from inside the person or outside the person

Question 30

self-efficiacy

Answer 30

the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive change.

Question 31

self-report tests

Answer 31

a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

Question 32

empirically keyed test

Answer 32

a type of self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way.

Question 33

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 33

the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test. Face validity - The extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring.

Question 34

projective tests

Answer 34

a personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it—to project their own meaning onto the stimulus.

Question 35

rorschach inkblot test

Answer 35

a famous projective test that uses an individual’s perception of inkblots to determine their personality.

Question 36

thematic apperception test

Answer 36

a projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual’s personality.