Chapter 10 Flashcards
personality
a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize how an individual adapts to the world.
psychodynamic perspectives
personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness)
id
the part of the person that Freud called the “it,” consisting of unconscious drives; the individual’s reservoir of sexual energy.
ego
the freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.
superego
the freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of the individual’s behavior; what is often referred to as conscience.
defense mechanisms
tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
denial
ego refused to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities
displacement
directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target
repression
exclusion of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings from the conscious mind
oral stage
first 18 months, pleasure centers the mouth
anal stage
18 to 36 months, pleasure surrounds anus and urethra
phallic stage
3 to 6 years, pleasure focuses on genitals
latency period
6 years to puberty, child sets aside interest in sexuality
genital stage
adolescence to adulthood, source of pleasure shifts to someone outside the family
humanistic perspective
capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities.
unconditional positive regard
rogers’s construct referring to the individual’s need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of their behavior.
conditions of worth
the standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others.
self-concept
our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become
trait theories
personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses.
big five factors of personality
The five broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (emotional instability).
neuroticism
feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion
extraversion
more likely to engage in social activities
openness to experience
related to open-mindedness and creativity
conscientiousness
strong desire to achieve
agreeableness
generosity and altruism
social cognitive perspectives
conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
banduras social cognitive theory
behavior environment and person/cognitive factors are all important in understanding personality
reciprocal determinism
describe the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality
internal versus external focus of control
behavioral control coming from inside the person or outside the person
self-efficiacy
the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive change.
self-report tests
a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits.
empirically keyed test
a type of self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test.
Face validity - The extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring.
projective tests
a personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it—to project their own meaning onto the stimulus.
rorschach inkblot test
a famous projective test that uses an individual’s perception of inkblots to determine their personality.
thematic apperception test
a projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual’s personality.
