Chapter 4

Question 1

stream of conciousness

Answer 1

mind is a flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts and feelings

Question 2

consciousness

Answer 2

an individual’s awareness of external events an internal sensations

Question 2

reticular activating system

Answer 2

a network of structures (brain stem, medulla, thalamus) that determine arousal

Question 3

higher-level conciousness

Answer 3

most alert state of human consciousness (actively focusing efforts towards a goal)

Question 4

lower-level consciousness

Answer 4

states of consciousness that require little attention

Question 5

altered states of consciousness

Answer 5

mental states that are noticeably different from normal awareness (result of trauma, drugs, etc.)

Question 6

subconscious awareness

Answer 6

processing that goes just under the surface of awareness (ability to drive a car)

Question 7

no awareness

Answer 7

something that is beyond conscious awareness

Question 8

sleep

Answer 8

a natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness

Question 9

biological rhythyms

Answer 9

periodic fluctuations in the body that can influence behavior (rise and fall of hormones)

Question 10

circadian rhythms

Answer 10

daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level

Question 11

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 11

the body’s way of monitoring the change from day to night

Question 12

non-REM sleep

Answer 12

our deepest sleep (brain waves are least like when we are awake)

Question 13

REM sleep

Answer 13

when rapid eye movement and vivid dreams occur

Question 14

insomnia

Answer 14

inability to sleep

Question 15

narcolepsy

Answer 15

sudden overpowering urge to sleep

Question 16

sleep apnea

Answer 16

when individuals stop breathing because windpipe fails to open during sleep

Question 17

manifest content

Answer 17

surface content of a dream containing symbols that disguise the dreams true meaning

Question 18

latent content

Answer 18

a dreams hidden content, unconscious and true meaning

Question 19

cognitive theory of dreaming

Answer 19

one can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts used in studying the waking mind

Question 20

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Answer 20

dreams result from the brains attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep

Question 21

psychoactive drugs

Answer 21

drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perception, and change moods

Question 22

tolerance

Answer 22

the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect

Question 23

physical dependence

Answer 23

the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

Question 24

psychological dependence

Answer 24

the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons

Question 25

addiction

Answer 25

a physical or a psychological dependence on a drug

Question 26

substance use disorder

Answer 26

a psychological disorder in which a person’s use of psychoactive drugs affect their health, ability to work, and engage in social relationships

Question 27

depressants

Answer 27

psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity

Question 28

stimulants

Answer 28

psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous systems activity

Question 29

hallucinogens

Answer 29

psychoactive drugs that modify a person’s perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real

Question 30

opioids

Answer 30

a class of drugs that act on the brains endorphin receptors (depress activity in the central nervous system and eliminate pain)

Question 31

hypnosis

Answer 31

harnessing the power of consciousness

Question 32

meditation

Answer 32

the attainment of a peaceful state of mind where thoughts are not occupied by worry