chapter 8 Flashcards
Gynecology
is the study of the female reproductive system (organs, hormones,
and diseases)
obstetrics
is a specialty concerned with
pregnancy and the delivery of the fetus
neonatology
is the study of the care and
treatment of the newborn.
cul-de-sac
Midway between the uterus and the rectum is a region in the abdominal cavity
Bartholin glands
two small, rounded glands on either side of the vaginal orifice.
These glands produce a mucous secretion that lubricates the vagina.
clitoris
organ of sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to the vaginal orifice and in front of the
urethral meatus
perineum
region between the vaginal orifice and the anus
vulva.
The external genitalia of the female are collectively called the vulva
labia majora, labia minora
outer lip. inner lip
hymen
membrane partially covering the entrance to the vagina,
utero-ovarian ligament
Each ovary [1] is
held in place on either side of the uterus by
ovarian follicles
Within each ovary are thousands of small sacs
ovum, corpus luteum
During ovulation, an ovum matures; its follicle ruptures through
the surface and releases the ovum from the ovary. A ruptured follicle fills with a yellow,
fat-like material. It is then called the corpus luteum [5], meaning yellow body. The corpus
luteum secretes hormones (both estrogen and progesterone) that maintain the very first
stages of pregnancy.
A fallopian tube
Collectively, the
fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments are the adnexa (accessory structures) of
the uterus.
fimbriae
The finger-like ends of the fallopian tube are the fimbriae [7]. They catch the
egg after its release from the ovary. Cilia (small hairs) line the fallopian tube and, through
their motion, sweep the ovum along. It usually takes the ovum about 2 to 3 days to pass
through the fallopian tube.
corpus
body of the organ
endometrium
The inner layer, a specialized epithelial mucosa of the
uterus is the endometrium [9];
myometrium
the middle, muscular layer of the uterine wall is t
uterine seros
and the outer, membranous tissue layer, a
lining that produces a watery, serum-like secretion. The outermost layer of an organ in
the abdomen or thorax is known as a serosa.
cervix
The narrow, lowermost portion of the uterus
glandular tissue
contains milk glands or lobules that develop
in response to hormones from the ovaries during puberty
lactiferous (milk-carrying) ducts [3], and sinuses (cavities) [4]
that carry milk to the nipple, which has small openings for the ducts to release their milk.
mammary papilla [
The breast nipple
areola
the dark pigmented area around the
mammary papilla is
parturition, lactation
giving birth, secrete milk
chorion
the outermost membrane
that surrounds the developing embryo
amnion,
he innermost of the embryonic
membranes, holds the fetus suspended in an amniotic cavity surrounded by a fluid called
the amniotic fluid.
human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG).
As the placenta develops in the uterus, it produces its own hormone. When women test their urine with a pregnancy test kit, presence or
absence of hCG confirms or rules out that they are pregnant. This hormone stimulates the
corpus luteum to continue producing hormones until about the third month of pregnancy,
when the placenta takes over the endocrine function and releases estrogen and progesterone.
Progesterone maintains the development of the placenta. Low levels of progesterone
can lead to spontaneous abortion in pregnant women and menstrual irregularities in
nonpregnant women.
cephalic
presentation
In a normal delivery position, the baby’s head appears first
afterbirth.
The expelled placenta is
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
The events of menstruation and pregnancy depend on hormones not only from the ovaries
(estrogen and progesterone) but also from the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland secretes
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) after the onset of
menstruation. As their levels rise in the bloodstream, FSH and LH stimulate maturation
of the ovum and ovulation. After ovulation, LH in particular influences the maintenance
of the corpus luteum and its production of estrogen and progesterone
Oral
contraceptives (birth control pills) work in the same way
During pregnancy, the high levels of estrogen and progesterone from the ovary and
placenta cause the pituitary gland to stop producing FSH and LH. Therefore, while a
woman is pregnant, additional eggs do not mature and ovulation cannot occur. Oral
contraceptives (birth control pills) work in the same way
IUD (intrauterine device
A health care
professional inserts the IUD, a small device designed to remain inside the uterus. It works
by preventing implantation of the embryo. Birth control pills and an IUD do not protect
a woman against sexually transmitted infections such as that caused by HIV
FSH Pituitary gland-Ovary: Stimulates maturation of the ovum
LH Pituitary gland-Ovary: Stimulates ovulation
Estrogen Ovary
Placenta (during pregnancy)
-Uterus: Builds up the endometrial lining
Progesterone Ovary (corpus luteum)
Placenta (during pregnancy)
-Uterus: Sustains uterine lining and placenta
during pregnancy
hCG Placenta-Ovary (corpus luteum)
Sustains pregnancy
adnexa uteri
Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments.
coitus
Sexual intercourse
bartholin/o
Bartholin gland
cervic/o
cervix, neck
chori/o, chorion/o
chorion
colp/o
vagina
culd/o
cul-de-sac
mast/o
breast
men/o
menses,
menstruation
Fibroids
fiber tumor
metr/o, metri/o
uterus
nat/i
birth
obstetr/o
pregnancy and
childbirth
o/o
egg
oophor/o
ovary
ov/o
egg
ovul/o
egg
perine/o
perineum
orrhaphy
surgical suturing
phor/o
to bear
salping/o
fallopian tubes
episi/o
vulva
galact/o
milk
hyster/o
uterus, womb
-arche
beginning
-cyesis
pregnancy
-gravida
pregnant
-parous
bearing, bringing
forth
-salpinx
fallopian
(uterine) tube
-tocia
labor, birth
Oxy-
sharp or quick
-version
act of turning
nulli-
none
endometriosis
Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus.
pelvic inflammatory disease
PID
Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis,
oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis.
Prophylactic
seeing future
fibrocystic breast disease
Numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous
tissue in the breast.
abruptio placentae
Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta.
ectopic pregnancy
Implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal
uterine location.
multiple gestations
More than one fetus inside the uterus.
placenta previa
Implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower
region of the uterus
preeclampsia
Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood
pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache.
erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group
(Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus.
hyaline membrane disease
Acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn.
This condition, also called respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS
hydrocephalus
Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain
meconium aspiration
syndrome
Abnormal inhalation of meconium produced by a fetus or newborn
pyloric stenosis
Narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum.
Pap test (Pap smear)
Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and
cervix.
speculum
instrument to hold apart the vaginal walls),
pregnancy test
Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG.
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of
contrast material.
aspiration
Withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using
suction
cauterization
Destruction of tissue by burning.
colposcopy
Visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope
conization
Removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix. The physician resects the tissue using a LEEP (loop electrocautery excision
procedure),
cryosurgery
Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue.
A liquid nitrogen probe produces the freezing (cry/o means cold) temperature.
Also called cryocauterization.
FIGURE
cyro
cold
culdocentesis
Needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac.
dilation (dilatation) and
curettage (D&C)
Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the
uterus.
exenteration
Removal of internal organs within a cavity.
Pelvic exenteration is removal of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis.
laparoscopy
Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope
(laparoscope).
minimally invasive surgery (MIS
tubal ligation
Blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring. This sterilization procedure (making an individual incapable of reproduction) is
performed using laparoscopy or through a hysteroscope inserted via the cervical
os (opening).
amniocentesis
Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for
analysis (Figure 8-29).
cesarean section
Surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus.
chorionic villus sampling
CVS
Sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis.
in vitro fertilization (IVF
Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory
dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization.
oligo
a few
