chapter 21 Flashcards
MEDICINAL
CHEMISTRY
New drug
synthesis
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Drug effects
in the body
PHARMACOKINETICS
Drug absorption,
distribution, metabolism,
and excretion
MOLECULAR
PHARMACOLOGY
Interaction of drugs
with cellular components
CHEMOTHERAPY
Use of drugs in treatment of
cancer and infectious disease
TOXICOLOGY
Studies of harmful effects
of drugs
Antiseptics
against infection
antipruritics
(against itching
Idiosyncrasy
an example of an unpredictable type of drug toxicity
Contraindications
are factors in a patient’s condition that make the use of a particular
drug dangerous and ill-advised
analgesic
is a drug that lessens pain narcotics or opioid
n. These agents are not steroid hormones (such as
cortisone) and are known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs act
on tissues to inhibit prostaglandins (hormone-like substances that sensitize peripheral
pain receptors)
anesthetic
s an agent that reduces or eliminates sensation. This effect may occur in
all tissues of the body (general anesthetic) and puts a patient asleep, or may be limited to
a particular region (local anesthetic).
An antibiotic
is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism (bacterium, yeast, or
mold) that inhibits (bacteriostatic) or kills (bactericidal) bacteria, fungi, or parasites.
Anticoagulants
prevent clotting (coagulation) of blood. They prevent formation of clots or break up clots in blood vessels in conditions such as thrombosis and embolism
Antiplatelet drugs
reduce the tendency of platelets to stick together. Aspirin is an
example of an antiplatelet drug; daily aspirin prophylaxis is recommended for patients with
coronary artery disease and for those who have had heart attacks
anticonvulsant
t prevents or reduces the frequency of convulsions in various types of
seizure disorders or epilepsy. Ideally, anticonvulsants depress abnormal spontaneous
activity of the brain arising from areas of scar or tumor, without affecting normal brain
function.
Antihistamines
s block the action of histamine, which normally is released in the body in
allergic reactions. Histamine causes allergic symptoms such as hives, bronchial asthma,
hay fever, and in severe cases, anaphylactic shock (dyspnea, hypotension, and loss of
consciousness).
ANTIOSTEOPOROSIS DRUGS
Osteoporosis is a disorder marked by loss of bone density. Calcium, vitamin D, and estrogen
may increase calcium deposition in bone
drugs called selective
estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) increase bone formation
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUG
Often, before other drugs are used, daily
aspirin therapy (to prevent clots in blood vessels) and sublingual nitroglycerin (to dilate
coronary blood vessels) are prescribed. Digoxin (Lanoxin) helps the heart pump more
forcefully in heart failure
Sedative-hypnotics
are medications that depress the central nervous system and promote
drowsiness (sedatives) and sleep (hypnotics). They are prescribed for insomnia and sleep
disorders.
Stimulants are drugs that act on the brain to speed up vital processes
amphetamines—used to prevent narcolepsy (seizures of sleep), to suppress
appetite, and to calm hyperkinetic children. Caffeine also is a cerebral stimulant.
TRANQUILIZERS
Tranquilizers are useful for controlling anxiety. Minor tranquilizers (benzodiazepines)
control minor symptoms of anxiety. Major tranquilizers (phenothiazines) control more
severe disturbances of behavior
aer/o
air
cras/o
mixture
erg/o
work
prurit/o
itching
pyret/o
fever
thec/o
sheath (of brain
and spinal cord)
