chapter 14 Flashcards
paraaortic
lumbar
spleen
- Destruction of old erythrocytes by macrophages. In the slow-moving circulation of
the spleen, red cell breakdown liberates hemoglobin, which is converted to bilirubin
in the liver and then is excreted into the bile. - Filtration of microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood.
- Activation of lymphocytes. Activated B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies.
Activated T lymphocytes (T cells) attack foreign materials. - Storage of blood, especially erythrocytes and platelets.
humoral immunity
B cells (B lymphocytes
cell-mediated
immunity
T cells (T lymphocytes)
The B cell matures into another cell called a plasma cell.
. It is the plasma cell that produces
antibodies called immunoglobulins, which block the effects of antigens. Examples of
immunoglobulins (Ig = immunoglobulin) are IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, and IgD. One maternal
immunoglobulin, IgG, crosses the placenta to provide immunity for newborns. Another,
IgE, is important in allergic reactions and in fighting parasitic infections
Cell-mediated immunity does not involve antibodies
For example, cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) attach to
antigens and directly kill them. Cytotoxic cells also secrete cytokines (interferons and
interleukins), which aid other cells in antigen destruction. Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells)
assist B cells in making antibodies and they stimulate T cells to attack antigens. Suppressor
T cells (also called regulatory T cells, or Tregs) inhibit both B and T cells and prevent
them from attacking the body’s own good cells
complement system
a group of proteins that helps
antibodies kill their target.
dendritic cell
which initiates adaptive
immunity by presenting antigens to T and B cells, showing them precisely what they need
to counteract.
Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)
—These are antibodies created in a laboratory by special
reproductive (cloning) techniques. They are designed to attack specific cancer cells
Transfer of immune cell
In bone marrow transplantation, T lymphocytes from a
donor can replace a patient’s immune system with new cells that recognize tumor
cells as foreign and kill them.
lymphaden/o
lymph node
gland
thym/o
thymus gland
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of
the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary
neoplasms, and neurologic problems
allergy
Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
lymphoma
Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
multiple myeloma
Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells.
thymoma
Malignant tumor of the thymus gland
allergen
Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body; a type of
antigen
anaphylaxis
Exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance
atopy
Hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition. From the Greek
atopia, meaning strangeness
CD4+ cells
Helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4
and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate
number of CD4+ cells.
Hodgkin lymphoma
Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes; Reed-Sternberg cells
are often found on microscopic analysis.
human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)
Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS.
Kaposi sarcoma
Malignant lesion associated with AIDS; arises from the lining of capillaries and
appears as red, purple, brown, or black skin nodules.
opportunistic
infections
Infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the
body’s resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are
easily contained.
protease inhibitor
Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme
that helps create new viral pieces for HIV
reverse transcriptase
inhibitor (RTI)
Drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make
copies of HIV
wasting syndrome
Weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity; associated
with AIDS.
CD4+ cell count
Measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the
bloodstream of patients with AIDS.
ELISA
Screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream。 Antibodies to HIV begin to appear within 2 weeks of infection with HIV. If the
result of this test is positive, it is confirmed with a Western blot test, which is
more specific. ELISA is an abbreviation for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
immunoelectrophoresis
Test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD).
This procedure detects the presence of abnormal levels of antibodies in patients
with conditions such as multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
viral load test
Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream.
Two viral load tests are a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay and an NASBA
(nucleic acid sequence–based amplification) test.
computed tomography (CT) scan
X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic
structures.
These x-ray views show abnormalities of lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes,
spleen, and thymus gland.
