chapter 15 Flashcards
Rheumatologists
Rheumatologists are physicians
(nonsurgical) who specialize primarily in joint problems, such as arthritis; in this context,
rheumat/o, meaning watery flow, refers to joint fluid
Physiatrists
are medical doctors
whose focus is on rehabilitation after injury or illness to muscles, bones, and nerves
chiropractor
(chir/o means hand) is not a physician but has
extensive and specialized training in using physical means to manipulate the spinal column,
joints, and soft tissues.
ossification
The gradual replacement of cartilage and its intercellular substance
by immature bone cells and calcium deposits is ossification (bone formation)
Osteoblasts
e immature osteocytes that produce the bony tissue that replaces
cartilage during ossification.
Osteoclasts (-clast is from the Greek word meaning to break)
are large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest, bony tissue. e. Osteoclasts (also called bone phagocytes) digest bone tissue from the inner sides of bones thus enlarging the inner bone cavity so that the bone does not become overly thick and heavy. When a bone breaks, osteoblasts lay down the mineral bone matter (calcium salts) and osteoclasts remove excess bone debris (smooth out the bone).
The formation of bone depends largely on a proper supply of calcium and phosphorus
ca p
Sesamoid bones
s are small, rounded bones (resembling a sesame seed in
shape). They are found near joints, and they increase the efficiency of muscles near a
particular joint. The kneecap is the largest example of a sesamoid bone.
diaphysis
The shaft, or middle region, of a long bone is called
epiphysis
Each end of a
long bone is called
epiphyseal line or plate
represents an area of
cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows; it
also is commonly known as the growth plate.
metaphysis
is the flared portion of the bone; it lies between the epiphysis and the
diaphysis. It is adjacent to the epiphyseal plate.
periosteum
is a strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the surface of
long bones, except at the ends of the epiphyses.
articular cartilage
The ends of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets another bone to form a
joint are covered with articular cartilage [6]. When two bones come together to form a
joint, the bones themselves do not touch precisely. The articular cartilage that caps the
end of one bone comes into contact with that of the other bone. Articular cartilage is a
very smooth, strong, and slick tissue
Compact (cortical) bone
] is a layer of hard, dense bone that lies under the periosteum
in all bones and is located chiefly around the diaphysis of long bones.
haversian canals
Within the compact
bone is a system of small canals containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients
to the bone and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide
medullary cavity
that contains yellow bone
marrow. Yellow marrow is composed chiefly of fat cells
Cancellous bone
sometimes called spongy or trabecular bone, is much more
porous and less dense than compact bone. The mineral matter in it is laid down in a series
of separated bony fibers that make up a spongy latticework. These interwoven fibers, called
trabeculae, are found largely in the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones and in the
middle portion of most other bones of the body as well.
fontanelles
utures.
The cranial bones of a newborn child are not completely joined. There are gaps
of unossified tissue in the skull at birth. These are called soft spots, or fontanelles
(“little fountains”). The pulse of blood vessels can be felt (palpated) under the skin in
those areas
sphen/o
wedge
ethm/o
sieve
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
humpback, hunchback (posterior curvature in the thoracic region)
lamin/o
lamina (part of
the vertebral
arch)
lord/o
curve, swayback
(anterior
curvature in the
lumbar region)
orth/o
straight
scoli/o
crooked, bent
(lateral
curvature)
COMBINING FORM MEANING TERMINOLOGY MEANING spondyl/o (used to make words about conditions of the structure)
vertebra
spondylosis
Degeneration of the intervertebral disks in the cervical, thoracic,
and lumbar regions. Signs and symptoms include pain and
restriction of movement.
vertebr/o (used to
describe the
structure itself)
vertebra
-blast
embryonic or
immature cell
-clast
to break
-listhesis
slipping
-malacia
softening
