chapter 15 Flashcards
Rheumatologists
Rheumatologists are physicians
(nonsurgical) who specialize primarily in joint problems, such as arthritis; in this context,
rheumat/o, meaning watery flow, refers to joint fluid
Physiatrists
are medical doctors
whose focus is on rehabilitation after injury or illness to muscles, bones, and nerves
chiropractor
(chir/o means hand) is not a physician but has
extensive and specialized training in using physical means to manipulate the spinal column,
joints, and soft tissues.
ossification
The gradual replacement of cartilage and its intercellular substance
by immature bone cells and calcium deposits is ossification (bone formation)
Osteoblasts
e immature osteocytes that produce the bony tissue that replaces
cartilage during ossification.
Osteoclasts (-clast is from the Greek word meaning to break)
are large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest, bony tissue. e. Osteoclasts (also called bone phagocytes) digest bone tissue from the inner sides of bones thus enlarging the inner bone cavity so that the bone does not become overly thick and heavy. When a bone breaks, osteoblasts lay down the mineral bone matter (calcium salts) and osteoclasts remove excess bone debris (smooth out the bone).
The formation of bone depends largely on a proper supply of calcium and phosphorus
ca p
Sesamoid bones
s are small, rounded bones (resembling a sesame seed in
shape). They are found near joints, and they increase the efficiency of muscles near a
particular joint. The kneecap is the largest example of a sesamoid bone.
diaphysis
The shaft, or middle region, of a long bone is called
epiphysis
Each end of a
long bone is called
epiphyseal line or plate
represents an area of
cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows; it
also is commonly known as the growth plate.
metaphysis
is the flared portion of the bone; it lies between the epiphysis and the
diaphysis. It is adjacent to the epiphyseal plate.
periosteum
is a strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the surface of
long bones, except at the ends of the epiphyses.
articular cartilage
The ends of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets another bone to form a
joint are covered with articular cartilage [6]. When two bones come together to form a
joint, the bones themselves do not touch precisely. The articular cartilage that caps the
end of one bone comes into contact with that of the other bone. Articular cartilage is a
very smooth, strong, and slick tissue
Compact (cortical) bone
] is a layer of hard, dense bone that lies under the periosteum
in all bones and is located chiefly around the diaphysis of long bones.
haversian canals
Within the compact
bone is a system of small canals containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients
to the bone and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide
medullary cavity
that contains yellow bone
marrow. Yellow marrow is composed chiefly of fat cells
Cancellous bone
sometimes called spongy or trabecular bone, is much more
porous and less dense than compact bone. The mineral matter in it is laid down in a series
of separated bony fibers that make up a spongy latticework. These interwoven fibers, called
trabeculae, are found largely in the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones and in the
middle portion of most other bones of the body as well.
fontanelles
utures.
The cranial bones of a newborn child are not completely joined. There are gaps
of unossified tissue in the skull at birth. These are called soft spots, or fontanelles
(“little fountains”). The pulse of blood vessels can be felt (palpated) under the skin in
those areas
sphen/o
wedge
ethm/o
sieve
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
humpback, hunchback (posterior curvature in the thoracic region)
lamin/o
lamina (part of
the vertebral
arch)
lord/o
curve, swayback
(anterior
curvature in the
lumbar region)
orth/o
straight
scoli/o
crooked, bent
(lateral
curvature)
COMBINING FORM MEANING TERMINOLOGY MEANING spondyl/o (used to make words about conditions of the structure)
vertebra
spondylosis
Degeneration of the intervertebral disks in the cervical, thoracic,
and lumbar regions. Signs and symptoms include pain and
restriction of movement.
vertebr/o (used to
describe the
structure itself)
vertebra
-blast
embryonic or
immature cell
-clast
to break
-listhesis
slipping
-malacia
softening
-physis
to grow
-porosis
pore, passage
osteoporosis
Loss of bony tissue with decreased mass of bone.
-tome
instrument to cut
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip
socket)
calcane/o
calcaneus (heel)
carp/o
carpals (wrist
bones)
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar
bone)
crani/o
cranium (skull)
malleol/o
malleolus
(process on each
side of the ankle)
perone/o
fibula
Ewing sarcoma
Rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in
children.
exostosis
Bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone.
osteogenic sarcoma
osteosarcoma
Common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in
children and adolescents.
talipes
Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus).
Talipes (Latin talus = ankle, pes = foot) is a congenital anomaly. The most common
form is talipes equinovarus (equin/o = horse), or clubfoot. The infant cannot stand
with the sole of the foot flat on the ground. The defect can be corrected by applying
orthopedic casts in the early months of infancy or, if that fails, by surgery
tendons n ligaments
(connective
tissue that connects a muscle to bone
(connective tissue
binding bone to bone)
ankyl/o
stiff
arthr/articul/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
rheumat/o
watery flow
synov/o
synovial
membrane
ten/o tendin/o
tendon
-desis
to bind, tie
together
-stenosis
narrowing
- ankylosing spondylitis
Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of spinal joints, primarily
of the spine.
- gouty arthritis (gout
Inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric
acid in the body.
osteoarthritis (OA)
Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage
and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at
articular surfaces
- rheumatoid arthritis
RA
Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an
autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial
membrane.
bunion
Enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big
toe (metatarsophalangeal joint).
carpal tunnel syndrome
CTS
Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse
ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist.
ganglion cyst
Fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons.
microdiskectomy
removal of a portion of the
protruding disk
Lyme disease (Lyme arthritis
Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia and
malaise; cause is bacterium carried by a tick.
sprain
Trauma to a joint with swelling and injury to ligaments
systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE)
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin,
kidneys, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs.
Striated muscle
] makes up the voluntary or skeletal muscles that move all bones, as
well as controlling facial expression and eye movement
Fibrous tissue
that envelops and separates muscles is called fascia
Smooth muscle
makes up the involuntary or visceral muscles that contract to move
internal organs such as the digestive tract, the walls of blood vessels, and secretory ducts
leading from glands
Cardiac muscle
s striated in appearance but is like smooth muscle in its action. Its
movement cannot be consciously controlled. The fibers of cardiac muscle are branching
fibers and are found in the heart.
fasci/o
fascia (forms
sheaths
enveloping
muscles)
fibr/o
fibrous
connective tissue
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral)
muscle that lines
the walls of
internal organs
rhabdomy/o
skeletal (striated)
muscle
connected to
bones
-asthenia
lack of strength
polymyositis
Chronic inflammatory myopathy
antinuclear antibody test
ANA
Detects an antibody often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESR
Measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test
tube.
Elevated ESR is associated with inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid
arthritis, tumors, and infections, and with chronic infections of bone and soft
tissue.
rheumatoid factor test (RF)
Serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many
patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
serum creatine kinase (CK)
Measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum.
This enzyme normally is present in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Increased levels
occur in muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, and with traumatic injuries
serum calcium (Ca
Measurement of calcium level in serum.
Hypercalcemia may be caused by disorders of the parathyroid gland and malignancy
that affects bone metabolism. Hypocalcemia is seen in critically ill patients with
burns, sepsis, and acute renal failure
uric acid test
Measurement of uric acid in serum.
High levels are associated with gouty arthritis.
electromyography (EMG)
Recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical
stimulation.
