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terminology > chapter 5-6 > Flashcards

chapter 5-6 Flashcards

1
Q

bucc/o

A

cheeks

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2
Q

cheil/o, labi/o

A

lips

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3
Q

hard palate soft palate

A

palat/o

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4
Q

uvula

A

uvul/o

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5
Q

tongue

A

gloss/o, lingu/o

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6
Q

mastication and deglutition

A

chewing and swallowing

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7
Q

tonsils

A

tonsill/o

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8
Q

gums yageng

A

gingiv/o

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9
Q

teeth

A

dent/i, odont/o

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10
Q

Dentin

A

the main

substance of the tooth, lies beneath the enamel and extends throughout the crown.

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11
Q

cementum

A

m covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root.

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12
Q

periodontal membrane

A

surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the

tooth socket.

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13
Q

pulp

A

lies underneath the dentin. This soft and delicate tissue fills the center of
the tooth. Blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels are within
the pulp canal

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14
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid gland [1], submandibular gland [2], and sublingual gland

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15
Q

Peristalsis

A

e involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in
the wall of the esophagus (

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16
Q

amylase

A

Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest
starch (amyl/o).

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17
Q

bile

A

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks
up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall (Latin
bilis, meaning gall or anger), probably because it has a bitter taste. It is
composed of bile pigments (colored materials), cholesterol, and bile
salts.

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18
Q

bilirubin

A

Pigment released by the liver in bile

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19
Q

bowel

A

Intestine.

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20
Q

glycogen

A

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

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21
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

Substance produced in the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.

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22
Q

ileum

A

Third part of the small intestine

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23
Q

insulin

A

Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports
sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the
liver.

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24
Q

lipase

A

Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

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25
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

LES

A

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called
cardiac sphincter.

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26
Q

parotid gland

A

Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear. Note the literal
meaning of parotid (par- = near; ot/o = ear).

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27
Q

portal vein

A

Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.

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28
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. From the
Greek pyloros, meaning gatekeeper. It is normally closed, but opens
when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.

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29
Q

triglycerides

A

Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol.
Triglycerides (fats) are a subgroup of lipids. Another type of lipid is
cholesterol.

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30
Q

villi (singular: villus)

A

Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb
nutrients into the bloodstream.

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31
Q

an/o

A

anus

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32
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

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33
Q

celi/o

A

belly, abodomen

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34
Q

choledoch/o

A

common bile duct

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35
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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36
Q

-stomy

A

means an opening to the outside of the bod

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37
Q

enter/o

A

intestines,
usually small
intestine

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38
Q

anastomosis

A

which is any surgical

connection between two parts,

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39
Q

proct/o

A

anus and rectum

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40
Q

sialaden/o

A

salivary gland

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41
Q

amyl/o

A

starch

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42
Q

bil/i

A

gall, bile

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43
Q

bilirubin/o

A

bilirubin (bile

pigment)

44
Q

chol/e

A

gall, bile

45
Q

chlorhydr/o

A

hydrochloric acid

46
Q

glycogen/o

A

glycogen, animal

starch

47
Q

prote/o

A

protein

48
Q

py/o

A

pus

49
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary

50
Q

steat/o

A

fat

51
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

52
Q

-chezia

A

defecation,
elimination of
wastes

53
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal

condition

54
Q

-prandial

A

meal

55
Q

-orexia

A

appetite

56
Q

ascites

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.

57
Q

borborygmi

singular: borborygmus

A

Rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid,
or both in the gastrointestinal tract.

58
Q

constipation

A

Difficulty in passing stools (feces

59
Q

dysphagia

A

Difficulty in swallowing.

60
Q

eructation

A

Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth.

61
Q

flatus

A

Gas expelled through the anus

62
Q

hematochezia

A

Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

63
Q

jaundice (icterus)

A

Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused
by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia).

64
Q

melena

A

Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood.

65
Q

nausea

A

Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit.

66
Q

steatorrhea

A

Fat in the feces.

67
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers.

68
Q

dental caries

A

Tooth decay

69
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus

70
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth

71
Q

achalasia

A

Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax.
Achalasia (-chalasia = relaxation)

72
Q

peptic ulcer

A

Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

73
Q

anal fistula

A

Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.

74
Q

colonic polyps

A

Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the
colon.

75
Q

Crohn disease

A

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

76
Q

diverticulosis

A

Abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon.

77
Q

dysentery

A

Painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial
infection.

78
Q

hemorrhoids

A

Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region.

79
Q

ileus

A

Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines.

80
Q

intussusception

A

Telescoping of the intestines.

81
Q

volvulus

A

Twisting of the intestine on itself.

82
Q

cirrhosis

A

Chronic degenerative disease of the liver.

83
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

HCC

A

Liver cancer.

84
Q
  • ectasis,

- ectasia

A

dilation,
(dilatation),
widening

85
Q

Cholangi/o

A

bile duct (vessel)

86
Q

-emesis

A

vomiting

87
Q

-pepsia

A

digestion

88
Q

-phagia

A

eating,

swallowing

89
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

90
Q

-rrhage, -rrhagia

A

bursting forth

of blood

91
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suture

92
Q

-spasm

A

involuntary
contraction of
muscles

93
Q

-stasis

A

stopping,

controlling

94
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing,

tightening

95
Q

-tresia

A

opening

96
Q

or/o

A

oral

97
Q

amylase and lipase tests

A

Tests for the levels of amylase and lipase enzymes in the blood.
Increased levels are associated with pancreatitis.

98
Q

liver function tests (LFTs)

A

Tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood.
LFTs are performed on blood serum (clear fluid that remains after blood has
clotted). Examples of LFTs are tests for ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST
(aspartate transaminase). ALT and AST are enzymes present in many tissues.
Levels are elevated in the serum of patients with liver disease. High ALT and AST
levels indicate damage to liver cells (as in hepatitis).
Alkaline phosphatase (alk phos) is another enzyme that may be elevated in
patients with liver, bone, and other diseases.
Serum bilirubin levels are elevated in patients with liver disease and jaundice.
A direct bilirubin test measures conjugated bilirubin. High levels indicate liver
disease or biliary obstruction. An indirect bilirubin test measures unconjugated
bilirubin. Increased levels suggest excessive hemolysis, as may occur in a newborn.

99
Q

stool guaiac test or

Hemoccult test

A

Test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces.
This is an important screening test for colon cancer. Guaiac (GWĪ-ăk) is a chemical
from the wood of trees. When added to a stool sample, it reacts with any blood
present in the feces. See Figure 6-2B.

100
Q

cholangiography

A

X-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of
contrast into the bile ducts.
In percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, the contrast medium is injected
using a needle placed through the abdominal wall into the biliary vessels of the
liver. In endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (Figure 6-4A),
contrast medium is administered through an oral catheter (tube) and then passes
through the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum and into bile ducts. This
procedure helps diagnose problems involving the bile ducts, gallbladder, and
pancreas.

101
Q

HIDA scan

A

Radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of
bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine.
HIDA stands for hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid. Cholescintigraphy is another
name for this test, which determines if the gallbladder is functioning properly.

102
Q

gastric bypass or bariatric

surgery

A

Reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum
(gastrojejunostomy).
bariatric (bar/o = weight; iatr/o = treatment

103
Q

laparoscopy

A

Visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with a laparoscope
inserted through small incisions in the abdomen.

104
Q

peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs

105
Q

esophageal varices

A

Swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

terminology (17 decks)

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