chapter 5-6 Flashcards
bucc/o
cheeks
cheil/o, labi/o
lips
hard palate soft palate
palat/o
uvula
uvul/o
tongue
gloss/o, lingu/o
mastication and deglutition
chewing and swallowing
tonsils
tonsill/o
gums yageng
gingiv/o
teeth
dent/i, odont/o
Dentin
the main
substance of the tooth, lies beneath the enamel and extends throughout the crown.
cementum
m covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root.
periodontal membrane
surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the
tooth socket.
pulp
lies underneath the dentin. This soft and delicate tissue fills the center of
the tooth. Blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels are within
the pulp canal
salivary glands
parotid gland [1], submandibular gland [2], and sublingual gland
Peristalsis
e involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in
the wall of the esophagus (
amylase
Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest
starch (amyl/o).
bile
Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks
up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall (Latin
bilis, meaning gall or anger), probably because it has a bitter taste. It is
composed of bile pigments (colored materials), cholesterol, and bile
salts.
bilirubin
Pigment released by the liver in bile
bowel
Intestine.
glycogen
Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
hydrochloric acid
Substance produced in the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.
ileum
Third part of the small intestine
insulin
Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports
sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the
liver.
lipase
Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
lower esophageal sphincter
LES
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called
cardiac sphincter.
parotid gland
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear. Note the literal
meaning of parotid (par- = near; ot/o = ear).
portal vein
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
pyloric sphincter
Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. From the
Greek pyloros, meaning gatekeeper. It is normally closed, but opens
when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.
triglycerides
Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol.
Triglycerides (fats) are a subgroup of lipids. Another type of lipid is
cholesterol.
villi (singular: villus)
Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb
nutrients into the bloodstream.
an/o
anus
cec/o
cecum
celi/o
belly, abodomen
choledoch/o
common bile duct
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
-stomy
means an opening to the outside of the bod
enter/o
intestines,
usually small
intestine
anastomosis
which is any surgical
connection between two parts,
proct/o
anus and rectum
sialaden/o
salivary gland
amyl/o
starch
bil/i
gall, bile
bilirubin/o
bilirubin (bile
pigment)
chol/e
gall, bile
chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
glycogen/o
glycogen, animal
starch
prote/o
protein
py/o
pus
sial/o
saliva, salivary
steat/o
fat
-ase
enzyme
-chezia
defecation,
elimination of
wastes
-iasis
abnormal
condition
-prandial
meal
-orexia
appetite
ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
borborygmi
singular: borborygmus
Rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid,
or both in the gastrointestinal tract.
constipation
Difficulty in passing stools (feces
dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing.
eructation
Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth.
flatus
Gas expelled through the anus
hematochezia
Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
jaundice (icterus)
Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused
by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia).
melena
Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood.
nausea
Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit.
steatorrhea
Fat in the feces.
aphthous stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers.
dental caries
Tooth decay
herpetic stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
oral leukoplakia
White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
achalasia
Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax.
Achalasia (-chalasia = relaxation)
peptic ulcer
Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
anal fistula
Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.
colonic polyps
Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the
colon.
Crohn disease
Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
diverticulosis
Abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon.
dysentery
Painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial
infection.
hemorrhoids
Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region.
ileus
Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines.
intussusception
Telescoping of the intestines.
volvulus
Twisting of the intestine on itself.
cirrhosis
Chronic degenerative disease of the liver.
hepatocellular carcinoma
HCC
Liver cancer.
- ectasis,
- ectasia
dilation,
(dilatation),
widening
Cholangi/o
bile duct (vessel)
-emesis
vomiting
-pepsia
digestion
-phagia
eating,
swallowing
-ptysis
spitting
-rrhage, -rrhagia
bursting forth
of blood
-rrhaphy
suture
-spasm
involuntary
contraction of
muscles
-stasis
stopping,
controlling
-stenosis
narrowing,
tightening
-tresia
opening
or/o
oral
amylase and lipase tests
Tests for the levels of amylase and lipase enzymes in the blood.
Increased levels are associated with pancreatitis.
liver function tests (LFTs)
Tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood.
LFTs are performed on blood serum (clear fluid that remains after blood has
clotted). Examples of LFTs are tests for ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST
(aspartate transaminase). ALT and AST are enzymes present in many tissues.
Levels are elevated in the serum of patients with liver disease. High ALT and AST
levels indicate damage to liver cells (as in hepatitis).
Alkaline phosphatase (alk phos) is another enzyme that may be elevated in
patients with liver, bone, and other diseases.
Serum bilirubin levels are elevated in patients with liver disease and jaundice.
A direct bilirubin test measures conjugated bilirubin. High levels indicate liver
disease or biliary obstruction. An indirect bilirubin test measures unconjugated
bilirubin. Increased levels suggest excessive hemolysis, as may occur in a newborn.
stool guaiac test or
Hemoccult test
Test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces.
This is an important screening test for colon cancer. Guaiac (GWĪ-ăk) is a chemical
from the wood of trees. When added to a stool sample, it reacts with any blood
present in the feces. See Figure 6-2B.
cholangiography
X-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of
contrast into the bile ducts.
In percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, the contrast medium is injected
using a needle placed through the abdominal wall into the biliary vessels of the
liver. In endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (Figure 6-4A),
contrast medium is administered through an oral catheter (tube) and then passes
through the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum and into bile ducts. This
procedure helps diagnose problems involving the bile ducts, gallbladder, and
pancreas.
HIDA scan
Radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of
bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine.
HIDA stands for hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid. Cholescintigraphy is another
name for this test, which determines if the gallbladder is functioning properly.
gastric bypass or bariatric
surgery
Reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum
(gastrojejunostomy).
bariatric (bar/o = weight; iatr/o = treatment
laparoscopy
Visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with a laparoscope
inserted through small incisions in the abdomen.
peristalsis
Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs
esophageal varices
Swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
