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terminology > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

parenchyma

A

Parenchyma is the

essential distinguishing tissue of an organ

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2
Q

Stroma

A

Stroma of an organ is the
connective and supportive tissue of an organ. The stromal tissue of the central nervous
system consists of the glial (neuroglial) cells, which make up its supportive framework
and help it ward off infection.

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3
Q

Astrocytes (astroglial

cells

A

star-like in appearance (astr/o means star) and transport water and salts between
capillaries and neurons

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4
Q

Microglial cells

A

small cells with many branching processes

(dendrites). As phagocytes, they protect neurons in response to inflammation.

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5
Q

Oligodendroglial cells (oligodendrocytes)

A 
have few (olig/o means few or scanty) dendrites.
These cells form the myelin sheath in the CNS.
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6
Q 
ependymal cells (Greek
ependyma means upper garment)
A

line membranes within the brain and spinal cord where

CSF is produced and circulates.

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7
Q

This protective barrier between the blood and brain cells is called the blood-brain barrier
(BBB)

A

Glial cells, particularly the astrocytes, are associated with blood vessels and regulate the
passage of potentially harmful substances from the blood into the nerve cells of the brain.

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8
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  1. Respiratory center—controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals or
    other stimuli
  2. Cardiac center—slows the heart rate when the heart is beating too rapidly
  3. Vasomotor center—affects (constricts or dilates) the muscles in the walls of blood
    vessels, thus influencing blood pressure
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9
Q

gray matter

A

containing

cell bodies and dendrites

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10
Q

white matter

A

containing the nerve fiber

tracts with myelin sheaths

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11
Q

dura mater

A

This thick, tough

membrane contains channels (dural sinuses) that contain blood.

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12
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

The arachnoid (spider-like) membrane is loosely attached to
the other meninges by web-like fibers, so there is a space for fluid between the fibers
and the third membrane

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13
Q

subarachnoid space

A

containing CSF

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14
Q

pia mater

A

It contains

delicate (Latin pia) connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels.

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15
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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17
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

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18
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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19
Q

gli/o

A

glial cells

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20
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE

A

progressive
degenerative disease associated with repetitive brain trauma
(concussion).

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21
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

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22
Q

mening/o,

meningi/o

A

membranes,

meninges

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23
Q

pont/o

A

pons

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24
Q

radicul/o

A 
nerve root (of
spinal nerves)
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25
Q

thec/o

A

sheath (refers to

the meninges

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26
Q

vag/o

A

vagus nerve
(10th cranial
nerve)

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27
Q

alges/o, -algesia

A

sensitivity to pain

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28
Q

caus/o

A

burning

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29
Q

comat/o

A

deep sleep

coma

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30
Q

esthesi/o, -esthesia

A

feeling, nervous

sensation

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31
Q

kines/o, kinesi/o

  • kinesia, -kinesis,
  • kinetic
A

movement

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32
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

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33
Q

lex/o

A

word, phrase

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34
Q

narc/o

A

stupor,

sleep

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35
Q

-paresis

A

weakness

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36
Q

-phasia

A

speech

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37
Q

-plegia

A 
paralysis (loss or
impairment of
the ability to
move parts of the
body)
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38
Q

paraplegia

A

the term means paralysis of both legs
and the lower part of the body caused by injury or disease of the
spinal cord or cauda equina.

39
Q

-praxia

A

action

40
Q

apraxia

A

Movements and behavior are not purposeful. A patient with motor
apraxia cannot use an object or perform a task. Motor weakness is
not the cause

41
Q

-sthenia

A

strength

42
Q

neurasthenia

A

Nervous exhaustion and fatigue, often following depression.

43
Q

syncop/o

A

to cut off, cut

short

44
Q

Syncope

A

means fainting; sudden and temporary loss of

consciousness caused by inadequate flow of blood to the brain

45
Q

tax/o

A

order,

coordination

46
Q

Congenital

A

born natural

47
Q

hydrocephalus

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain.

48
Q

spina bifida

A

Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect
union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect).

49
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) Lou
Gehrig disease

A

Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and
brainstem.

50
Q

epilepsy

A

Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

51
Q

Huntington disease

Huntington’s

A

Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum
leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration

52
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its
replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.

53
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of
voluntary muscles.Thymectomy is also a method
of treatment and is beneficial to many patients.

54
Q

palsy

A

Paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function). Bell palsy (or Bell’s palsy) (Figure 10-17) is paralysis on one side
of the face

55
Q

Parkinson disease

Parkinson’s

A

Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and
leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.

56
Q

Tourette syndrome

Tourette’s

A

Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal
sounds; and inappropriate words.

57
Q

herpes zoster (shingles)

A

Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.

58
Q

meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis.

59
Q

human immunodeficiency

virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.

60
Q

cerebral concussion

A

Type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head.

61
Q

cerebral contusion

A

Bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head.

62
Q

cerebrovascular accident

CVA

A

Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke

Thrombotic—blood clot (thrombus)

Embolic—an embolus (a dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral arteries
and occludes a small vessel. This type of stroke occurs very suddenly.
Hemorrhagic—a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery, breaks and
bleeding occurs.

63
Q

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

A

Thrombotic strokes are treated with antiplatelet or anticoagulant (clotdissolving)
therapy. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may be started shortly
after the onset of a stroke.

64
Q

migraine

A

Severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.

65
Q

aneurysm

A 
Enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage
and CVA (stroke).
66
Q

astrocytoma

A

Malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells).

67
Q

aura

A

Peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of
migraine or an epileptic seizure.

68
Q

embolus

A

Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.

69
Q

gait

A

Manner of walking.

70
Q

ictal event

A

Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure.

71
Q

occlusion

A

Blockage.

72
Q

palliative

A

Relieving symptoms but not curing them.

73
Q

thymectomy

A

Removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as
treatment for myasthenia gravis.

74
Q

TIA

A

Transient ischemic attack. TIAs can occur with all three types of strokes: thrombolytic,
embolic, and even hemorrhagic (if minor.) They are characterized by a limited time
course of neurologic deficits.

75
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

Major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness,
stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.

76
Q

proton stereotactic radiosurgery(PSRS)

A

Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain.

77
Q

AFP

A 
alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in
amniotic fluid and maternal blood are
associated with congenital
malformations of the nervous system,
such as anencephaly and spina bifida
78
Q

AVM

A

arteriovenous malformation;
congenital tangle of arteries and
veins in the cerebrum

79
Q

CTE

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

80
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

81
Q

ICP

A 
intracranial pressure (normal pressure
is 5 to 15╯mm╯Hg)
82
Q

MAC

A

monitored anesthetic care

83
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

84
Q

MG

A

myasthenia gravis

85
Q

MS

A

multiple sclerosis

86
Q

1

2 P

A

hemiparesis

87
Q

PCA

A

patient-controlled analgesia

88
Q

Sz

A

seizure

89
Q

TBI

A

traumatic brain injury

90
Q

TENS

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation; technique using a
battery-powered device to relieve
acute and chronic pain

91
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack; temporary
interference with the blood supply
to the brain

92
Q

TLE

A

temporal lobe epilepsy

93
Q

tPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator; a clotdissolving
drug used as therapy for
stroke

94
Q

myelogram

A

.

X-ray record (image) of the spinal cord

terminology (17 decks)

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