chapter 10 Flashcards
parenchyma
Parenchyma is the
essential distinguishing tissue of an organ
Stroma
Stroma of an organ is the
connective and supportive tissue of an organ. The stromal tissue of the central nervous
system consists of the glial (neuroglial) cells, which make up its supportive framework
and help it ward off infection.
Astrocytes (astroglial
cells
star-like in appearance (astr/o means star) and transport water and salts between
capillaries and neurons
Microglial cells
small cells with many branching processes
(dendrites). As phagocytes, they protect neurons in response to inflammation.
Oligodendroglial cells (oligodendrocytes)
have few (olig/o means few or scanty) dendrites. These cells form the myelin sheath in the CNS.
ependymal cells (Greek ependyma means upper garment)
line membranes within the brain and spinal cord where
CSF is produced and circulates.
This protective barrier between the blood and brain cells is called the blood-brain barrier
(BBB)
Glial cells, particularly the astrocytes, are associated with blood vessels and regulate the
passage of potentially harmful substances from the blood into the nerve cells of the brain.
medulla oblongata
- Respiratory center—controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals or
other stimuli - Cardiac center—slows the heart rate when the heart is beating too rapidly
- Vasomotor center—affects (constricts or dilates) the muscles in the walls of blood
vessels, thus influencing blood pressure
gray matter
containing
cell bodies and dendrites
white matter
containing the nerve fiber
tracts with myelin sheaths
dura mater
This thick, tough
membrane contains channels (dural sinuses) that contain blood.
arachnoid membrane
The arachnoid (spider-like) membrane is loosely attached to
the other meninges by web-like fibers, so there is a space for fluid between the fibers
and the third membrane
subarachnoid space
containing CSF
pia mater
It contains
delicate (Latin pia) connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels.
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
dur/o
dura mater
encephal/o
brain
gli/o
glial cells
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE
progressive
degenerative disease associated with repetitive brain trauma
(concussion).
lept/o
thin, slender
mening/o,
meningi/o
membranes,
meninges
pont/o
pons
radicul/o
nerve root (of spinal nerves)
thec/o
sheath (refers to
the meninges
vag/o
vagus nerve
(10th cranial
nerve)
alges/o, -algesia
sensitivity to pain
caus/o
burning
comat/o
deep sleep
coma
esthesi/o, -esthesia
feeling, nervous
sensation
kines/o, kinesi/o
- kinesia, -kinesis,
- kinetic
movement
-lepsy
seizure
lex/o
word, phrase
narc/o
stupor,
sleep
-paresis
weakness
-phasia
speech
-plegia
paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
paraplegia
the term means paralysis of both legs
and the lower part of the body caused by injury or disease of the
spinal cord or cauda equina.
-praxia
action
apraxia
Movements and behavior are not purposeful. A patient with motor
apraxia cannot use an object or perform a task. Motor weakness is
not the cause
-sthenia
strength
neurasthenia
Nervous exhaustion and fatigue, often following depression.
syncop/o
to cut off, cut
short
Syncope
means fainting; sudden and temporary loss of
consciousness caused by inadequate flow of blood to the brain
tax/o
order,
coordination
Congenital
born natural
hydrocephalus
Abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain.
spina bifida
Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect
union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect).
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) Lou
Gehrig disease
Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and
brainstem.
epilepsy
Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
Huntington disease
Huntington’s
Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum
leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its
replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.
myasthenia gravis (MG)
Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of
voluntary muscles.Thymectomy is also a method
of treatment and is beneficial to many patients.
palsy
Paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function). Bell palsy (or Bell’s palsy) (Figure 10-17) is paralysis on one side
of the face
Parkinson disease
Parkinson’s
Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and
leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.
Tourette syndrome
Tourette’s
Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal
sounds; and inappropriate words.
herpes zoster (shingles)
Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.
meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis.
human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) encephalopathy
Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.
cerebral concussion
Type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head.
cerebral contusion
Bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head.
cerebrovascular accident
CVA
Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke
Thrombotic—blood clot (thrombus)
Embolic—an embolus (a dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral arteries
and occludes a small vessel. This type of stroke occurs very suddenly.
Hemorrhagic—a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery, breaks and
bleeding occurs.
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Thrombotic strokes are treated with antiplatelet or anticoagulant (clotdissolving)
therapy. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may be started shortly
after the onset of a stroke.
migraine
Severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.
aneurysm
Enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke).
astrocytoma
Malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells).
aura
Peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of
migraine or an epileptic seizure.
embolus
Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.
gait
Manner of walking.
ictal event
Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure.
occlusion
Blockage.
palliative
Relieving symptoms but not curing them.
thymectomy
Removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as
treatment for myasthenia gravis.
TIA
Transient ischemic attack. TIAs can occur with all three types of strokes: thrombolytic,
embolic, and even hemorrhagic (if minor.) They are characterized by a limited time
course of neurologic deficits.
tonic-clonic seizure
Major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness,
stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.
proton stereotactic radiosurgery(PSRS)
Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain.
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system, such as anencephaly and spina bifida
AVM
arteriovenous malformation;
congenital tangle of arteries and
veins in the cerebrum
CTE
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
ICP
intracranial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15╯mm╯Hg)
MAC
monitored anesthetic care
LP
lumbar puncture
MG
myasthenia gravis
MS
multiple sclerosis
1
2 P
hemiparesis
PCA
patient-controlled analgesia
Sz
seizure
TBI
traumatic brain injury
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation; technique using a
battery-powered device to relieve
acute and chronic pain
TIA
transient ischemic attack; temporary
interference with the blood supply
to the brain
TLE
temporal lobe epilepsy
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator; a clotdissolving
drug used as therapy for
stroke
myelogram
.
X-ray record (image) of the spinal cord
