Chapter 7. Urinary System - Medical Terms Flashcards
acetone
ketone body produced in abnormal amounts in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when there is excessive fat breakdown in cells
albuminuria
protein in the urine
antidiuretic hormone
pituitary gland hormone that normally stimulates the kidney to decrease production of urine, preventing excessive loss of water; also called vasopressin
anuria
suppression of urine formation by the kidney
arteriole
small artery
azotemia
excess of nitrogenous waste products in the blood; uremia
bacteriuria
bacteria in the urine
caliceal
pertaining to the calyx (a cup-shaped collecting chamber in the central portion of the kidney)
caliectasis
dilation or widening of a calyx; this occurs when urine is backed up in the kidney as in hydronephrosis
calyx; calyces
cup-shaped collecting region in the renal pelvis (central section of the kidney)
catheter
tube for injecting or removing fluids
cortex
outer region of an organ; renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney
cortical
pertaining to the cortex (outer region of an organ)
creatinine
nitrogen-containing waste product of muscle metabolism; excreted by the kidney in urine
creatinine clearance test
measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
cystectomy
excision (removal) of the urinary bladder
cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
cytoscopy
visual (endoscopic) examination of the urinary bladder
cystostomy
new opening of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
diabetes insipidus
abnormal condition of inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland; patients experience polyruria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst)
diabetes mellitus
abnormal condition of no insulin or inadequate insulin secretion from the pancreas; this leads to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and glycosuria (sugar in the urine)
diuresis
increased excretion of urine by the kidneys; a diuretic is an agent that increases diuresis, such as tea, coffee, or water
dysuria
painful urination
edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces
electrolyte
chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water; examples are sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-)
enuresis
betwetting; literally, “in urine”
erythropoietin
hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production by bone marrow
essential hypertension
high blood pressure due to no apparent cause
filtration
process by which some substances, but not all, pass through a filter or other type of material
glomerular capsule
collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus; also known as Bowman capsule
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of glomeruli in the kidney
glomerulus; glomeruli
tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the cortex of the kidney; as blood flows through each glomerulus, waste materials and other substances are filtered from the bloodstream
glycosuria
sugar in the urine
hematuria
blood in the urine
hemodialysis
removal of waste materials (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) from the blood in patients whose kidneys have stopped functioning; blood leaves the body and circulates through a machine that removes wastes before sending the blood back into the body through a vein
hilum
depression or hollow in the surface of an organ, such as the kidney and lung; it is the area where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the organ
hydronephrosis
abnormal condition of excess backup of fluid (urine) in the kidney
hyperkalemia
high levels of potassium in the blood
hyponatremia
low levels of sodium in the blood
interstitial nephritis
inflammation of the tissue in the kidney that lies between (interstitium) the nephrons (functional units)
intravesical
pertaining to within the bladder
ketonuria
presence of ketones in the urine; common in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, but can occur in anytime the body begins to break down fatty tissue to provide energy as in starvation
ketosis
accumulation of large quantities of ketone bodies (acetones) in the blood; ketoacidosis
kidney
one of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region
lithotripsy
process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone within the kidney or ureter
meatal stenosis
narrowing of the meatus (opening) leading from the urethra to the outside of the body
meatus
an opening or passageway; the urinary meatus is the opening of the urethra to the outside of the body and the auditory meatus is the opening of the ear to the outside of the body
medulla
inner region of an organ
medullary
pertaining to the medulla or an organ
nephrolithiasis
abnormal condition of kidney stones
nephrolithotomy
incision of the kidney to remove a stone
nephron
functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting tubule
nephropathy
disease or abnormality of the kidney
nephroptosis
prolapse of a kidney; floating or wandering kidney
nephrostomy
opening of the kidney to the outside of the body
nephrotic syndrome
group of symptoms that occur due to loss of protein in the urine; symptoms include edema, hypoalbuminemia (loss of protein from the blood), heavy proteinuria, and infection; also known as nephrosis
nitrogenous waste
substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine; examples are urea, creatinine and uric acid
nocturia
urinary frequency at night
oliguria
scanty urination
parenchyma
parenchyma of an organ is its essential and distinctive tissue
paranephric
pertaining to beside or near a kidney
peritoneal dialysis
separation of nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream by introducing fluid into the peritoneal cavity; wastes then leave the bloodstream and enter the fluid, which is drained through an abdominal catheter
phenylketonuria
excess of phenylketones in the urine; diagnosed by a PKU test at birth
polycystic kidney disease
kidneys are filled with cysts that prevent normal kidney function
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyuria
excessive urination
potassium
chemical element that forms salts with other minerals such as calcium and is vital for bodily processes; when dissolved in water it is an electrolyte whose balance is regulated by the kidney
pyelolithotomy
incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis of the kidney
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection
pyuria
pus in the urine; sign of urinary tract infection (UTI)
reabsorption
process in the kidney by which the renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream
renal angiography
x-ray record of blood vessels of the kidney after injecting contrast material
renal angioplasty
surgical repair of blood vessels in the kidney, narrowed areas of renal arteries are dilated using an inflatable balloon attached to a catheter
uric acid
nitogenous waste formed when proteins are used in cells; it is excreted by the kidneys in urine
urinalysis
series of tests to evaluate the composition of urine, it includes tests to determine color, appearance, sugar, bacteria, and protein in the blood
urinary bladder
hollow container with muscular walls that holds and stores urine until it is discharged from the body; urinary catheterization is passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder for temporary or permanent drainage of urine
urinary catheterization
passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder for temporary or permanent drainage of urine
urinary incontinence
involuntary passage of urine
urinary retention
inability to pass urine, which is held back in the urinary bladder; urination is the process of expelling urine; micturition; voiding
urination
process of expelling urine
vesicoureteral reflux
backflow of urine from the urinary bladder to the ureters
voiding
urination
voiding cystourethrogram
x-ray record of the urinary bladder and urethra taken while a patient is urinating and after contrast material is injected retrograde through the urethra
wilms tumor
malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in childhood
