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Medical Terms > Chapter 7. Urinary System - Medical Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 7. Urinary System - Medical Terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acetone

A

ketone body produced in abnormal amounts in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when there is excessive fat breakdown in cells

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2
Q

albuminuria

A

protein in the urine

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3
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

pituitary gland hormone that normally stimulates the kidney to decrease production of urine, preventing excessive loss of water; also called vasopressin

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4
Q

anuria

A

suppression of urine formation by the kidney

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5
Q

arteriole

A

small artery

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6
Q

azotemia

A

excess of nitrogenous waste products in the blood; uremia

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7
Q

bacteriuria

A

bacteria in the urine

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8
Q

caliceal

A

pertaining to the calyx (a cup-shaped collecting chamber in the central portion of the kidney)

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9
Q

caliectasis

A

dilation or widening of a calyx; this occurs when urine is backed up in the kidney as in hydronephrosis

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10
Q

calyx; calyces

A

cup-shaped collecting region in the renal pelvis (central section of the kidney)

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11
Q

catheter

A

tube for injecting or removing fluids

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12
Q

cortex

A

outer region of an organ; renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney

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13
Q

cortical

A

pertaining to the cortex (outer region of an organ)

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14
Q

creatinine

A

nitrogen-containing waste product of muscle metabolism; excreted by the kidney in urine

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15
Q

creatinine clearance test

A

measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney

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16
Q

cystectomy

A

excision (removal) of the urinary bladder

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17
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of the urinary bladder

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18
Q

cytoscopy

A

visual (endoscopic) examination of the urinary bladder

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19
Q

cystostomy

A

new opening of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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20
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

abnormal condition of inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland; patients experience polyruria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst)

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21
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

abnormal condition of no insulin or inadequate insulin secretion from the pancreas; this leads to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and glycosuria (sugar in the urine)

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22
Q

diuresis

A

increased excretion of urine by the kidneys; a diuretic is an agent that increases diuresis, such as tea, coffee, or water

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23
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

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24
Q

edema

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces

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25
Q

electrolyte

A

chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water; examples are sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-)

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26
Q

enuresis

A

betwetting; literally, “in urine”

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27
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production by bone marrow

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28
Q

essential hypertension

A

high blood pressure due to no apparent cause

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29
Q

filtration

A

process by which some substances, but not all, pass through a filter or other type of material

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30
Q

glomerular capsule

A

collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus; also known as Bowman capsule

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31
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomeruli in the kidney

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32
Q

glomerulus; glomeruli

A

tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the cortex of the kidney; as blood flows through each glomerulus, waste materials and other substances are filtered from the bloodstream

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33
Q

glycosuria

A

sugar in the urine

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34
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine

35
Q

hemodialysis

A

removal of waste materials (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) from the blood in patients whose kidneys have stopped functioning; blood leaves the body and circulates through a machine that removes wastes before sending the blood back into the body through a vein

36
Q

hilum

A

depression or hollow in the surface of an organ, such as the kidney and lung; it is the area where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the organ

37
Q

hydronephrosis

A

abnormal condition of excess backup of fluid (urine) in the kidney

38
Q

hyperkalemia

A

high levels of potassium in the blood

39
Q

hyponatremia

A

low levels of sodium in the blood

40
Q

interstitial nephritis

A

inflammation of the tissue in the kidney that lies between (interstitium) the nephrons (functional units)

41
Q

intravesical

A

pertaining to within the bladder

42
Q

ketonuria

A

presence of ketones in the urine; common in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, but can occur in anytime the body begins to break down fatty tissue to provide energy as in starvation

43
Q

ketosis

A

accumulation of large quantities of ketone bodies (acetones) in the blood; ketoacidosis

44
Q

kidney

A

one of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region

45
Q

lithotripsy

A

process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone within the kidney or ureter

46
Q

meatal stenosis

A

narrowing of the meatus (opening) leading from the urethra to the outside of the body

47
Q

meatus

A

an opening or passageway; the urinary meatus is the opening of the urethra to the outside of the body and the auditory meatus is the opening of the ear to the outside of the body

48
Q

medulla

A

inner region of an organ

49
Q

medullary

A

pertaining to the medulla or an organ

50
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

abnormal condition of kidney stones

51
Q

nephrolithotomy

A

incision of the kidney to remove a stone

52
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting tubule

53
Q

nephropathy

A

disease or abnormality of the kidney

54
Q

nephroptosis

A

prolapse of a kidney; floating or wandering kidney

55
Q

nephrostomy

A

opening of the kidney to the outside of the body

56
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

group of symptoms that occur due to loss of protein in the urine; symptoms include edema, hypoalbuminemia (loss of protein from the blood), heavy proteinuria, and infection; also known as nephrosis

57
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine; examples are urea, creatinine and uric acid

58
Q

nocturia

A

urinary frequency at night

59
Q

oliguria

A

scanty urination

60
Q

parenchyma

A

parenchyma of an organ is its essential and distinctive tissue

61
Q

paranephric

A

pertaining to beside or near a kidney

62
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

separation of nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream by introducing fluid into the peritoneal cavity; wastes then leave the bloodstream and enter the fluid, which is drained through an abdominal catheter

63
Q

phenylketonuria

A

excess of phenylketones in the urine; diagnosed by a PKU test at birth

64
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

kidneys are filled with cysts that prevent normal kidney function

65
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

66
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

67
Q

potassium

A

chemical element that forms salts with other minerals such as calcium and is vital for bodily processes; when dissolved in water it is an electrolyte whose balance is regulated by the kidney

68
Q

pyelolithotomy

A

incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis of the kidney

69
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection

70
Q

pyuria

A

pus in the urine; sign of urinary tract infection (UTI)

71
Q

reabsorption

A

process in the kidney by which the renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

72
Q

renal angiography

A

x-ray record of blood vessels of the kidney after injecting contrast material

73
Q

renal angioplasty

A

surgical repair of blood vessels in the kidney, narrowed areas of renal arteries are dilated using an inflatable balloon attached to a catheter

74
Q

uric acid

A

nitogenous waste formed when proteins are used in cells; it is excreted by the kidneys in urine

75
Q

urinalysis

A

series of tests to evaluate the composition of urine, it includes tests to determine color, appearance, sugar, bacteria, and protein in the blood

76
Q

urinary bladder

A

hollow container with muscular walls that holds and stores urine until it is discharged from the body; urinary catheterization is passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder for temporary or permanent drainage of urine

77
Q

urinary catheterization

A

passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder for temporary or permanent drainage of urine

78
Q

urinary incontinence

A

involuntary passage of urine

79
Q

urinary retention

A

inability to pass urine, which is held back in the urinary bladder; urination is the process of expelling urine; micturition; voiding

80
Q

urination

A

process of expelling urine

81
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

backflow of urine from the urinary bladder to the ureters

82
Q

voiding

A

urination

83
Q

voiding cystourethrogram

A

x-ray record of the urinary bladder and urethra taken while a patient is urinating and after contrast material is injected retrograde through the urethra

84
Q

wilms tumor

A

malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in childhood

Medical Terms (14 decks)

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