Chapter 5. Digestive System - Medical Terms Flashcards
1
Q
absorption
A
passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream
2
Q
achlorhydria
A
absence of hydrocholoric acid from the gastric juice
3
Q
amino acids
A
the chief constituents of proteins, these are acids that contribute to protein synthesis; amino acids are formed when large protein molecules are digested
4
Q
amylase
A
the enzyme that digests or breaks down starch into simple substance
5
Q
anastomosis
A
an opening between two tublular organs
6
Q
anus
A
the opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
7
Q
appendectomy
A
removal or excision of the appendix
8
Q
appendicitis
A
inflammation of the appendix
9
Q
appendix
A
small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen
10
Q
bile
A
yellow or organ fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; it travels from the gallbladder into the small intestines to help digest fats
11
Q
biliary
A
pertaining to bile or affecting the bile ducts; bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum)
12
Q
bilirubin
A
a yellow-orange pigment found in bile
13
Q
bowel
A
intestine; the large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine
14
Q
buccal mucosa
A
mucous membrane lining the cheek
15
Q
canine teeth
A
four point, dog-like teeth; each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw
16
Q
cecal
A
pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine
17
Q
celiac
A
pertaining to the abdomen
18
Q
cheilosis
A
scales and fissures on the lips
19
Q
cholecystectomy
A
excision or removal of the gallbladder
20
Q
choledocholithiasis
A
abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct
21
Q
choledochojejunostomy
A
surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum
22
Q
choledochotomy
A
incision of the common bile duct
23
Q
cholelithiasis
A
abnormal condition of forming gallstones
24
Q
colon
A
large intestine (bowel)
25
colonic
pertaining to the colon
26
colonoscopy
visual endoscopic examination of the colon
27
colostomy
new opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
28
common bile duct
tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine
29
defecation
eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the rectum
30
deglutition
swallowing
31
dentibuccal
pertaining to the cheek and teeth
32
dentin
the chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown
33
digestion
the process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine
34
duodenal
pertaining to the duodenum
35
duodenum
the first part of the small intestine
36
elimination
discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes
37
emulsification
breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles
38
enamel
white, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin) of the crown of the tooth
39
endodontist
a dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth
40
enterocolitis
inflammation of the small intestine and colon
41
enteroenterostomy
new opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine; anastomosis
42
enzyme
protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction; the suffix -ase means enzyme
43
esophageal
pertaining to the esophagus
44
fatty acids
substances that are produced when fats are digested; they combine with glycerol to form fat
45
facial
pertaining to the face
46
feces
solid wastes; stools
47
gallbladder
small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored
48
gastrointestinal tract
the tubular system relating to the stomach and intestine beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus
49
gastrojejunostomy
new surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; an anastomosis; the procedure is part of a gastric bypass surgery
50
gastrostomy
new opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
51
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
52
gluconeogenesis
process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver
53
glucose
simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells
54
glycogen
storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells
55
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to release sugar
56
hepatoma
tumor (malignant) of liver cells; hepatocellular carcinoma
57
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver
58
hydrochloric acid
strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion
59
hyperbilirubinemia
high levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice
60
hyperglycemia
high levels of sugar in the bloodstream; diabetes mellitus
61
hypoglossal
pertaining to under the tongue
62
ileitis
inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine)
63
ileocecal sphincter
ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine)
64
ileostomy
surgical construction of an artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall
65
ileum
third (and final) portion of the small intestine
66
incisor
one of the four front teeth on either jaw
67
insulin
hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas; insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells
68
jejunum
second part of the small intestine
69
labial
pertaining to the lip
70
laparoscopy
visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small abdominal incisions
71
lipase
enzyme (-ase) that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum
72
lithogenesis
formation of stone (calculi)
73
liver
large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen; it secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins and sugars
74
lower esophageal sphincter
ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach
75
mastication
process of chewing
76
mesentery
membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal (back) body wall
77
molar teeth
six, seventh and eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch, the most posterior molar is known as the wisdom tooth
78
oral
pertaining to the mouth
79
orthodontist
dentist specializing in straightening teeth
80
palate
roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat
81
palatopharhyngoplasty
a procedure used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions in the throat or nose
82
palatoplasty
surgical repair of the palate
83
pancreas
gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells
84
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
85
papillae
small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds
86
parenteral
pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection
87
parotid gland
salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
88
perianal
pertaining to surrounding the anus
89
periodontist
dentist specializing in treating the gums
90
perionitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
91
peristalsis
rythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures
92
pharyngeal
pertaining to the pharynx or throat
93
pharynx
throat; the common passageway for food from the mouth
94
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
95
postprandial
after meals
96
premolar teeth
either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars
97
proctologist
either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars
98
proctologist
specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum
99
protease
enzyme that digest protein
100
pulp
soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels
101
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
102
pyloroplasty
surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter
103
pylorus
distal region of the stomach near the duodenum
104
rectocele
hernia of the wall of the rectum
105
rectum
final section of the colon
106
rugae
folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth
107
saliva
enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by salivary glands
108
salivary glands
three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands
109
sialadenitis
inflammation of a salivary gland
110
sialolith
salivary gland stone; lodged in a saliva gland or duct
111
sigmoid colon
distal, lower end of the colon
112
sigmoidoscopy
visual examination of the sigmoid colon
113
sphincter
circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice
114
steatorrhea
discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat
115
stomatisis
inflammation of the mouth
116
sublingual
pertaining to under the tongue
117
submandibular
pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible)
118
triglycerides
chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol
119
uvula
small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth
120
uvulectomy
removal (excision) of the uvula
121
villi
fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids
122
achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) to relax; dilation of the esophagus and loss of peristalsis occurs
123
anal fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
124
anorexia
lack of appetite
125
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores
126
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
127
borborygmus
rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
128
cholelithiasis
abnormal condition of gallstones
129
cirrhosis
chronic, degenerative disease of the liver
130
colonic polyps
benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon
131
colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both
132
constipation
difficulty in passing (eliminating) feces (stool)
133
Crohn disease
inflammatory bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness, and weight loss
134
dental caries
tooth decay
135
diarrhea
frequent passage of loose watery stools
136
diverticula
small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
137
diverticulitis
inflammation of diverticula; abdonminal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms
138
diverticulosis
abnormal condition of diverticula without inflammation
139
dysentery
painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
140
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
141
eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
142
esophageal varices
swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus
143
etiology
study of the cause of disease
144
flatus
gas expelled through the anus
145
gastric cancer
malignant tumor of the stomach; stomach cancer
146
gastroesophageal reflux disease
backflow of solids and liquid against its normal direction of movement
147
hematochezia
passage of bright red blood from the rectum
148
hemorroids
swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
149
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus; painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infection and known as cold sores or fever blisters
150
hiatal hernia
protusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm
151
icterus
jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
152
idiopathic
pertaining to unknown cause of disease
153
ileus
failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines
154
inflammatory bowel disease
severe inflammation of the small and large intestine (colon); examples are Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis
155
inguinal hernia
a small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle
156
intussusception
one portion of the intestine slips into an adjoining part; telescoping of the intestines
157
irritable bowel syndrome
group of gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating) associated with stress and tension
158
jaundice
a symptom of illness marked by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood
159
melena
black, tarry stools; feces containing blood
160
nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
161
oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth
162
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
163
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
164
peptic ulcer
open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum
165
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
166
ulcerative colitis
inflammation of the colon and rectum with the presence of ulcers; an inflammatory bowel disease
167
viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
