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Medical Terms > Chapter 5. Digestive System - Medical Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 5. Digestive System - Medical Terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

absorption

A

passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream

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2
Q

achlorhydria

A

absence of hydrocholoric acid from the gastric juice

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3
Q

amino acids

A

the chief constituents of proteins, these are acids that contribute to protein synthesis; amino acids are formed when large protein molecules are digested

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4
Q

amylase

A

the enzyme that digests or breaks down starch into simple substance

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5
Q

anastomosis

A

an opening between two tublular organs

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6
Q

anus

A

the opening of the rectum to the outside of the body

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7
Q

appendectomy

A

removal or excision of the appendix

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8
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

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9
Q

appendix

A

small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen

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10
Q

bile

A

yellow or organ fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; it travels from the gallbladder into the small intestines to help digest fats

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11
Q

biliary

A

pertaining to bile or affecting the bile ducts; bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum)

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12
Q

bilirubin

A

a yellow-orange pigment found in bile

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13
Q

bowel

A

intestine; the large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine

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14
Q

buccal mucosa

A

mucous membrane lining the cheek

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15
Q

canine teeth

A

four point, dog-like teeth; each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw

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16
Q

cecal

A

pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine

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17
Q

celiac

A

pertaining to the abdomen

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18
Q

cheilosis

A

scales and fissures on the lips

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19
Q

cholecystectomy

A

excision or removal of the gallbladder

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20
Q

choledocholithiasis

A

abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct

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21
Q

choledochojejunostomy

A

surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum

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22
Q

choledochotomy

A

incision of the common bile duct

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23
Q

cholelithiasis

A

abnormal condition of forming gallstones

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24
Q

colon

A

large intestine (bowel)

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25
Q

colonic

A

pertaining to the colon

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26
Q

colonoscopy

A

visual endoscopic examination of the colon

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27
Q

colostomy

A

new opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body

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28
Q

common bile duct

A

tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine

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29
Q

defecation

A

eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the rectum

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30
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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31
Q

dentibuccal

A

pertaining to the cheek and teeth

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32
Q

dentin

A

the chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown

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33
Q

digestion

A

the process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine

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34
Q

duodenal

A

pertaining to the duodenum

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35
Q

duodenum

A

the first part of the small intestine

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36
Q

elimination

A

discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes

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37
Q

emulsification

A

breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles

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38
Q

enamel

A

white, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin) of the crown of the tooth

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39
Q

endodontist

A

a dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth

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40
Q

enterocolitis

A

inflammation of the small intestine and colon

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41
Q

enteroenterostomy

A

new opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine; anastomosis

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42
Q

enzyme

A

protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction; the suffix -ase means enzyme

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43
Q

esophageal

A

pertaining to the esophagus

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44
Q

fatty acids

A

substances that are produced when fats are digested; they combine with glycerol to form fat

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45
Q

facial

A

pertaining to the face

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46
Q

feces

A

solid wastes; stools

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47
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored

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48
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

the tubular system relating to the stomach and intestine beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus

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49
Q

gastrojejunostomy

A

new surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; an anastomosis; the procedure is part of a gastric bypass surgery

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50
Q

gastrostomy

A

new opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body

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51
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammation of the gums

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52
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver

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53
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells

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54
Q

glycogen

A

storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells

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55
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to release sugar

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56
Q

hepatoma

A

tumor (malignant) of liver cells; hepatocellular carcinoma

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57
Q

hepatomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver

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58
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion

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59
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

high levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice

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60
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high levels of sugar in the bloodstream; diabetes mellitus

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61
Q

hypoglossal

A

pertaining to under the tongue

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62
Q

ileitis

A

inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine)

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63
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine)

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64
Q

ileostomy

A

surgical construction of an artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall

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65
Q

ileum

A

third (and final) portion of the small intestine

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66
Q

incisor

A

one of the four front teeth on either jaw

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67
Q

insulin

A

hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas; insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells

68
Q

jejunum

A

second part of the small intestine

69
Q

labial

A

pertaining to the lip

70
Q

laparoscopy

A

visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small abdominal incisions

71
Q

lipase

A

enzyme (-ase) that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum

72
Q

lithogenesis

A

formation of stone (calculi)

73
Q

liver

A

large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen; it secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins and sugars

74
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach

75
Q

mastication

A

process of chewing

76
Q

mesentery

A

membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal (back) body wall

77
Q

molar teeth

A

six, seventh and eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch, the most posterior molar is known as the wisdom tooth

78
Q

oral

A

pertaining to the mouth

79
Q

orthodontist

A

dentist specializing in straightening teeth

80
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat

81
Q

palatopharhyngoplasty

A

a procedure used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions in the throat or nose

82
Q

palatoplasty

A

surgical repair of the palate

83
Q

pancreas

A

gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells

84
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

85
Q

papillae

A

small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds

86
Q

parenteral

A

pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection

87
Q

parotid gland

A

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

88
Q

perianal

A

pertaining to surrounding the anus

89
Q

periodontist

A

dentist specializing in treating the gums

90
Q

perionitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

91
Q

peristalsis

A

rythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures

92
Q

pharyngeal

A

pertaining to the pharynx or throat

93
Q

pharynx

A

throat; the common passageway for food from the mouth

94
Q

portal vein

A

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

95
Q

postprandial

A

after meals

96
Q

premolar teeth

A

either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars

97
Q

proctologist

A

either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars

98
Q

proctologist

A

specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum

99
Q

protease

A

enzyme that digest protein

100
Q

pulp

A

soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels

101
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum

102
Q

pyloroplasty

A

surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter

103
Q

pylorus

A

distal region of the stomach near the duodenum

104
Q

rectocele

A

hernia of the wall of the rectum

105
Q

rectum

A

final section of the colon

106
Q

rugae

A

folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth

107
Q

saliva

A

enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by salivary glands

108
Q

salivary glands

A

three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands

109
Q

sialadenitis

A

inflammation of a salivary gland

110
Q

sialolith

A

salivary gland stone; lodged in a saliva gland or duct

111
Q

sigmoid colon

A

distal, lower end of the colon

112
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

visual examination of the sigmoid colon

113
Q

sphincter

A

circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice

114
Q

steatorrhea

A

discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat

115
Q

stomatisis

A

inflammation of the mouth

116
Q

sublingual

A

pertaining to under the tongue

117
Q

submandibular

A

pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible)

118
Q

triglycerides

A

chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol

119
Q

uvula

A

small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth

120
Q

uvulectomy

A

removal (excision) of the uvula

121
Q

villi

A

fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids

122
Q

achalasia

A

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) to relax; dilation of the esophagus and loss of peristalsis occurs

123
Q

anal fistula

A

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

124
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite

125
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores

126
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

127
Q

borborygmus

A

rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract

128
Q

cholelithiasis

A

abnormal condition of gallstones

129
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic, degenerative disease of the liver

130
Q

colonic polyps

A

benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon

131
Q

colorectal cancer

A

adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both

132
Q

constipation

A

difficulty in passing (eliminating) feces (stool)

133
Q

Crohn disease

A

inflammatory bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness, and weight loss

134
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay

135
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent passage of loose watery stools

136
Q

diverticula

A

small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon

137
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation of diverticula; abdonminal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms

138
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal condition of diverticula without inflammation

139
Q

dysentery

A

painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

140
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

141
Q

eructation

A

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

142
Q

esophageal varices

A

swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus

143
Q

etiology

A

study of the cause of disease

144
Q

flatus

A

gas expelled through the anus

145
Q

gastric cancer

A

malignant tumor of the stomach; stomach cancer

146
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

backflow of solids and liquid against its normal direction of movement

147
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of bright red blood from the rectum

148
Q

hemorroids

A

swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region

149
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus; painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infection and known as cold sores or fever blisters

150
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm

151
Q

icterus

A

jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

152
Q

idiopathic

A

pertaining to unknown cause of disease

153
Q

ileus

A

failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines

154
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

severe inflammation of the small and large intestine (colon); examples are Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis

155
Q

inguinal hernia

A

a small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle

156
Q

intussusception

A

one portion of the intestine slips into an adjoining part; telescoping of the intestines

157
Q

irritable bowel syndrome

A

group of gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating) associated with stress and tension

158
Q

jaundice

A

a symptom of illness marked by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood

159
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools; feces containing blood

160
Q

nausea

A

unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit

161
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

white plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth

162
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

malignant tumor of the pancreas

163
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

164
Q

peptic ulcer

A

open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum

165
Q

periodontal disease

A

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone

166
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

inflammation of the colon and rectum with the presence of ulcers; an inflammatory bowel disease

167
Q

viral hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

Medical Terms (14 decks)

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