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Medical Terms > Chapter 15. Musculoskeletal System - Medical Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 15. Musculoskeletal System - Medical Terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acetabulum

A

rounded depression or socket in the pelvis, which joins the femur forming the hip joint

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2
Q

acromion

A

outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder

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3
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of cartilage surrounding the bones in the joint space

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4
Q

calcaneal

A

pertaining to the calcaneus (heel bone)

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5
Q

calcium

A

one of the mineral constituents of bone

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6
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy, porous bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

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7
Q

carpals

A

bones of the wrist

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8
Q

cartilage

A

flexible, connective tissue that is firmer than muscle, yet softer than bone

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9
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

seven backbones in the neck

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10
Q

chondrocostal

A

pertaining to cartilage that is attached to the ribs

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11
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone

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12
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

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13
Q

collagen

A

dense connective tissue strands of protein found in bone

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14
Q

colles fracture

A

broken bone occurring in the wrist at the lower end of the radius

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15
Q

comminuted fracture

A

broken bone that is splintered or crushed

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16
Q

compact bone

A

hard, dense bone tissue

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17
Q

condyle

A

knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint

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18
Q

cranial bones

A

bones of the skull; ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones

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19
Q

craniotome

A

instrument to cut the skull (cranium)

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20
Q

craniotomy

A

incision of the skull

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21
Q

crepitus

A

crackling sound produced when ends of bone rub against each other or against roughened cartilage

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22
Q

decalcification

A

loss or removal of calcium from bones or teeth

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23
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft or mid-portion of a long bone

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24
Q

epiphyseal

A

shaft or mid-portion of a long bone

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25
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

layer of cartilage at the ends of long bones where lengthwise bone growth takes place

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26
Q

epiphysis

A

each end of a long bone

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27
Q

ethmoid bone

A

thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eye

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28
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

malignant bone tumor occurring in children

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29
Q

exostosis

A

bony growth arising from the surface of a bone

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30
Q

facial bones

A

bones of the face; lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic bones

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31
Q

femoral

A

pertaining to the femur

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32
Q

femur

A

thigh bone

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33
Q

fibula

A

smaller of the two leg bones

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34
Q

fibular

A

pertaining to the fibula

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35
Q

fissure

A

narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones

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36
Q

fontanelle

A

soft spot between skull bones of an infant

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37
Q

foramen

A

opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

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38
Q

fossa

A

shallow cavity in a bone

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39
Q

frontal bone

A

skull bone that forms the forehead and bony sockets that contain the eyes

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40
Q

Haversian canals

A

minute spaces for blood vessels in compact bone

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41
Q

humeral

A

pertaining to the humerus (upper arm bone)

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42
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

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43
Q

hypercalcemia

A

high levels of calcium in the blood

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44
Q

iliac

A

pertaining to the ilium (upper and largest portion of the pelvic bone)

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45
Q

ilium

A

upper and largest portion of the pelvic (hip) bone

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46
Q

impacted fracture

A

broken bone in which one fragment is driven firmly into the other fragment

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47
Q

ischial

A

pertaining to the ischium (posterior portion of the pelvic bone)

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48
Q

ischium

A

posterior (back) portion of the pelvic (hip) bone

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49
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal condition of outward curvature (convexity) of the thoracic spine

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50
Q

lacrimal bones

A

two small facial bones that contain tear glands and canals for the passage of tear ducts

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51
Q

lamina

A

one of two posterior (back) arches of a vertebra

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52
Q

laminectomy

A

surgical removal of the posterior portion of a vertebra to relieve pressure on a spinal nerve or spinal cord from a displaced intervertebral disk

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53
Q

lordosis

A

forward curvature of the lumbar spinal column; in its extreme form it is known as swayback

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54
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

backbones (5) in the region of the waist (middle section below the chest)

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55
Q

lumbosacral

A

pertaining to the lower bones of the back (lumbar and sacral regions)

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56
Q

malleolar

A

pertaining to a malleolus

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57
Q

malleolus

A

either of two bony enlargements (processes) on each side of an ankle

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58
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone

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59
Q

mandibular

A

pertaining to the lower jaw bone

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60
Q

manubrium

A

upper portion of the sternum

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61
Q

mastoid process

A

round projection (process) on the temporal bone behind the ear

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62
Q

medullary cavity

A

inner section of a bone containing soft bone marrow tissue

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63
Q

metacarpals

A

hand bones

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64
Q

metacarpectomy

A

surgical excision of hand bones

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65
Q

metaphysis

A

flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone and epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone

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66
Q

metatarsalgia

A

foot pain

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67
Q

metatarsals

A

foot bones

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68
Q

myelopoiesis

A

formation of bone marrow

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69
Q

nasal bones

A

two facial bones that form the nose

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70
Q

occipital bone

A

forms the posterior portion of the skull

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71
Q

olecranal

A

pertaining to the elbow (olecranon)

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72
Q

orthopedics

A

surgical specialty devoted to straightening, correcting and treating deformities and diseases in bones

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73
Q

olecranon

A

large process on the end (proximal) of the unla; elbow

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74
Q

osseous tissue

A

bone tissue

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75
Q

ossification

A

process of forming bone

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76
Q

osteitis

A

inflammation of bone

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77
Q

osteoblast

A

bone cell responsible for forming bony tissue

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78
Q

osteoclast

A

large bone cell that functions to absorb and remove unwanted bony tissue during growth and healing of fractures

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79
Q

osteodystrophy

A

abnormal development of bone

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80
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

congenital bone disease in which bones are unusually brittle and fragile

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81
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

malignant (cancerous) tumor of bone tissue

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82
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening of bones with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in bone; rickets

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83
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

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84
Q

osteopenia

A

deficiency of bone tissue caused by destruction of bone tissue that exceeds the rate of bone growth matrix

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85
Q

osteoporosis

A

abnormal condition of increased loss of bony tissue; bones become thin, weak, brittle, and break easily

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86
Q

osteotome

A

instrument to cut bone

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87
Q

parietal bones

A

two bones on either side of the skull

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88
Q

patella

A

kneecap

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89
Q

pelvimetry

A

measurement of the hip bone to determine if delivery of the infant through the vagina is possible

90
Q

periosteum

A

membrane surrounding bones

91
Q

peroneal

A

pertaining to the fibula

92
Q

phalangeal

A

pertaining too finger and toe bones

93
Q

phalanges

A

finger and toe bones

94
Q

phosphorus

A

mineral found in bones and teeth

95
Q

pubic symphysis

A

area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the midline of the pelvic bone; it is a slightly more movable joint separated by a disk of fibrocartilage

96
Q

pubis

A

one of two bones forming the front portion of the hipbone

97
Q

radial

A

pertaining to the radium, a bone in the lower arm (thumb side of the wrist)

98
Q

radius

A

one of two bones in the lower arm (connecting to the wrist on the thumb side)

99
Q

red bone marrow

A

soft bone tissue in spongy, cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis

100
Q

reduction

A

reconnection of a bone to its normal position after a fracture

101
Q

ribs

A

twelve pars of curved, elongated bones in the chest

102
Q

sacral vertebrae

A

bones of the sacrum (lower back below the lumbar region)

103
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

104
Q

scapular

A

pertaining to the shoulder blade

105
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal condition of lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine

106
Q

sella turcica

A

depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull; location of the pituitary gland

107
Q

sinus

A

hollow, air cavity within a bone

108
Q

sphenoid bone

A

bat-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the skull

109
Q

spinal stenosis

A

narrowing of the neural canal or nerve root canals in the lumbar spine

110
Q

spondylosis

A

abnormal condition of the spine (vertebral column) character4ized by stiffness and fixation of vertebral joints

111
Q

sternum

A

breast bone

112
Q

styloid process

A

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

113
Q

subcostal

A

pertaining to under the ribs

114
Q

supraclavicular

A

pertaining to above the clavicle bone (collar bone)

115
Q

suture

A

Immovable, fibrous joint, as between bones of the skull

116
Q

talipes

A

club foot; foot is fixed in an abnormal position due to a congenital deformity of the ankle and foot

117
Q

tarsals

A

ankle bones

118
Q

tarsectomy

A

removal of an ankle bone

119
Q

temporal bones

A

two bones on each side of the skull near the ear

120
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

connection between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw (lower jaw bone)

121
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

twelve backbones in the region of the chest

122
Q

tibia

A

larger of the two lower leg bones

123
Q

tibial

A

pertaining to the larger of the two lower leg bones

124
Q

trabeculae

A

supporting bundles of fibers in cancellous, spongy (soft) bone

125
Q

trochanter

A

large process at the neck of the femur (thigh bone)

126
Q

tubercle

A

small, rounded process on a bone

127
Q

tuberosity

A

large, rounded process on a bone

128
Q

ulna

A

one of two bones in the lower arm; connects to the wrist on the little finger side

129
Q

ulnar

A

pertaining to the ulna

130
Q

vertebra, vertebrae

A

a backbone

131
Q

vertebroplasty

A

repair of a fractured vertebra

132
Q

vomer

A

thin plate of bone that forms part of the nasal septum, which is the wall separating the nostrils

133
Q

xiphoid process

A

lower, narrow portion of the sternum (breastbone)

134
Q

yellow bone matter

A

fatty tissue in the shaft of long bones

135
Q

zygomatic bones

A

cheekbones of the face

136
Q

abduction

A

muscle movement away from the midline of the body

137
Q

achondroplasia

A

inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size; achondroplastic dwarf

138
Q

adduction

A

muscle movement toward the midline of the body

139
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

damage to nerves on the lateral (side) columns of the spinal cord and lower region of the brain, leading to progressive muscular paralysis

140
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic inflammatory joint disease involving the backbones; market by stiffness and eventual fusion (ankylosis) of involved joints

141
Q

ankylosis

A

immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure

142
Q

arthrodesis

A

surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement

143
Q

arthrotomy

A

incision of a joint

144
Q

articular cartilage

A

cartilage surrounding bones in a joint

145
Q

articulation

A

a connection between bones; joint

146
Q

atrophy

A

wasting away (lack of development) of a normally developed organ or tissue (especially muscle)

147
Q

bunion

A

abnormal swelling of the joint between the big toe and a bone of the foot

148
Q

bursa, bursae

A

sac of fluid between tendons and bones near a joint

149
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa surrounding a joint

150
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist

151
Q

chondroma

A

benign tumor of cartilage

152
Q

chrondromalacia

A

softening of cartilage

153
Q

dislocation

A

displacement of a bone from its joint

154
Q

dorsiflexion

A

backward (upward) bending of the foot

155
Q

extension

A

increasing the angle between two bones and straightening a limb

156
Q

fascia

A

fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscle

157
Q

fasciectomy

A

femoval of fascia

158
Q

fibromyalgia

A

chronic pain and stiffness in muscles and fibrous tissue, especially in the shoulders, neck, hips and knees

159
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle between two bones, as in bending a limb

160
Q

ganglion

A

cystic mass arising from a tendon

161
Q

gouty arthritis

A

inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the blood and uric acid crystals deposited in joints

162
Q

hemarthrosis

A

condition of blood in a joint

163
Q

hydrarthrosis

A

condition of water or fluid in a joint

164
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of tissue or an organ due to increase in size of individual cells

165
Q

hyperuricemia

A

increase in uric acid in the blood

166
Q

leiomyoma

A

benign tumor of smooth, involuntary muscle

167
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

168
Q

ligament

A

connective tissue binding bones to other bones

169
Q

ligamentous

A

pertaining to a ligament

170
Q

lyme disease

A

chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgias, neruologic and cardiac symptoms; it is caused by a deer tick and was first reported in Old Lyme, Connecticut

171
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

group of inherited disorders marked by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers

172
Q

myalgia

A

muscle pain

173
Q

myopathy

A

disease of muscles

174
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of muscles

175
Q

osteoarthritis

A

inflammation of bones and joints with degeneration of cartilage in the joint space

176
Q

plantar flexion

A

motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground

177
Q

podagra

A

foot pain that occurs in the joint of the big toe in gout (gouty arthritis)

178
Q

polyarthritis

A

inflammation of many joints

179
Q

polymyalgia

A

pain of many (several) muscles, especially in the shoulders and hips

180
Q

polymyositis

A

inflammation of many muscles

181
Q

pronation

A

as applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm backward or down

182
Q

pyrexia

A

fever

183
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

benign tumor of striated, voluntary muscle

184
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of striated, voluntary muscle

185
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic inflammatory and painful disease of joints; caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane)

186
Q

rheumatologist

A

medical doctor specializing in diagnosis and treatment of joint disorders

187
Q

rotation

A

circular movement around an axis (central point)

188
Q

sarcopenia

A

loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging

189
Q

sprain

A

trauma to a joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments

190
Q

strain

A

muscle injury involving overstretching of muscle with pain and swelling

191
Q

striated muscle

A

composed of bands of fibers that make the muscle look striped (striated); attached to bones (voluntary or skeletal muscle)

192
Q

subluxation

A

partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone from its joint

193
Q

supination

A

as applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm forward or up

194
Q

suture joint

A

join in which apposed bones are closely united

195
Q

synovial cavity

A

space between bones at a synovial joint; it contains synovial fluid

196
Q

synovial fluid

A

sticky (viscous) fluid within the joint space (synovial cavity)

197
Q

synovial joint

A

freely movable joint

198
Q

synovial membrane

A

membrane lining the synovial cavity; produces synovial fluid

199
Q

synovitis

A

inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the synovial joint

200
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

chronic inflammatory autoimune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, blood vessels and other organs; marked by a reddish (erythematous) facial rash that resembles the bite of a wolf (lupus)

201
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of tendons; tendonitis

202
Q

tendon

A

a type of connective tissue that binds muscles to bones

203
Q

tenorrhaphy

A

suture of a tendon

204
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of a tendon and its sheath or covering

205
Q

visceral muscle

A

muscle that lines the walls of internal organs; smooth or involuntary muscle

206
Q

antinuclear antibody test

A

detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

207
Q

arthrocentesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint

208
Q

arthrography

A

x-ray imaging of a joint after injection of contrast material

209
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical repair of a joint (with prosthesis); total hip replacement and total knee replacement are examples

210
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of the inside of joint with an endoscope

211
Q

bone density test

A

low energy x-rays are taken of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to determine bone density; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA)

212
Q

bone scan

A

uptake of a radioactive subst6ance is measured in bone

213
Q

computed tomography

A

x-ray beam and a computer provide cross-sectional images of bone and soft tissue abnormalities

214
Q

diskography

A

x-ray images of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disks after injection of contrast material into the interior of the disk

215
Q

electromyography

A

process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation

216
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube

217
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

a magnetic field and radio waves create images of soft tissue and muscles

218
Q

muscle biopsy

A

removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination

219
Q

rheumatoid factor test

A

serum (blood minus clotting proteins and cells) is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

220
Q

serum calcium

A

measurement of calcium in serum

221
Q

serum creatine kinase

A

measurement of an enzyme (createin phosphokinase) in serum

222
Q

uric acid test

A

measurement of uric acid in serum; high levels are associated with gouty arthritis

Medical Terms (14 decks)

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