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Medical Terms > Chapter 11. Cardiovascular System - Medical Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 11. Cardiovascular System - Medical Terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

angiogram

A

x-ray record of a blood vessel

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2
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical repair of a blood vessel

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3
Q

anoxia

A

lack of oxygen in body tissues

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4
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body

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5
Q

aortic stenosis

A

narrowing of the aorta

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6
Q

arrhythmia

A

without rhythm; an irregular beat of the heart

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7
Q

arterial anastomosis

A

surgical connection between two arteries

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8
Q

arteriography

A

x-ray recording of arteries; contrast is injected

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9
Q

arteriole

A

small artery

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10
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque

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11
Q

artery

A

largest type of blood vessel

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12
Q

atheroma

A

mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery

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13
Q

atherosclerosis

A

form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery

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14
Q

atrial

A

pertaining to an atrium (upper chamber of the heart)

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15
Q

atrioventricular bundle

A

specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting impulses between them; bundle of His

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16
Q

atrioventricular node

A

specialized tissue in the wall between the atria; electrical impulses pass from the sino-atrial node (pacemaker) through the atrioventricular node and atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) toward the ventricles

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17
Q

atrium, atria

A

upper chamber of the heart

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18
Q

brachial artery

A

artery that carries blood to the arm

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19
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heartbeat

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20
Q

bundle of His

A

atrioventricular bundle

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21
Q

capillary

A

smallest blood vessel

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22
Q

carbon dioxide

A

Gas released by body cells and carried by veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation; CO2.

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23
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

shock that results from failure of the heart in its pumping action

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24
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

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25
Q

cardimyopathy

A

disease of heart muscle

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26
Q

coronary arteries

A

branches of the aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

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27
Q

cyanosis

A

abnormal condition of blueness of the skin; caused by decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide in the blood

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28
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

blood that is oxygen poor

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29
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

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30
Q

electrocardiogram

A

record of the electricity flowing through the heart

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31
Q

endocardium

A

inner lining of the heart

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32
Q

endothelium

A

innermost lining of blood vessels

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33
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

high levels of cholesterol in the blood

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34
Q

hypoxia

A

deficiency of oxygen in body tissues

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35
Q

interventricular septum

A

wall between the ventricles of the heart

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36
Q

mitral valve

A

valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve

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37
Q

mitral valvulitis

A

inflammation of the mitral valve

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38
Q

myocardium

A

muscular layer of the heart

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39
Q

myxoma

A

rare neoplasm of connective tissue found in the heart muscle

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40
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node

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41
Q

oxygen

A

a gas that enters the body through the lungs and travels to the heart to be distributed by arterial blood to all parts of the body

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42
Q

pacemaker

A

specialized nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; it begins the heartbeat; sinoatrial node

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43
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid within the pericardial space surrounding the heart

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44
Q

pericardium

A

double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

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45
Q

phlebotomy

A

incision into a vein

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46
Q

pulmonary artery

A

blood vessel carrying oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

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47
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

flow of blood from the hear to the lungs and them back to the heart

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48
Q

pulmonary valve

A

a valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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49
Q

pulmonary vein

A

one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

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50
Q

pulse

A

beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries

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51
Q

septum, septa

A

wall or partition; the interatrial septum lies between the atria of the heart and the interventricular septum is between the ventricles of the heart

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52
Q

sinoatrial node

A

sensitive nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; pacemaker of the heart

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53
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

instrument to measure blood pressure

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54
Q

stethoscope

A

instrument for listening to sounds in the chest

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55
Q

systemic circulation

A

flow of blood from body tissues to the heart and from the heart back to the tissues

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56
Q

systole

A

contraction phase of the heartbeat

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57
Q

tachycardia

A

rapid heartbeat

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58
Q

thrombolysis

A

destruction of a clot

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59
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein and formation of a clot within the vein

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60
Q

tricuspid valve

A

a valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle

61
Q

valve

A

Structure in a vein or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in the proper direction.

62
Q

valvotomy

A

incision of a valve

63
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surgical repair of a valve

64
Q

vascular

A

pertaining to a blood vessel

65
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of a blood vessel

66
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of a blood vessel; vasodilatation

67
Q

vein

A

thin-walled blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood from body tissues back to the heart

68
Q

vena cava, venae cavae

A

largest vein in the body; the venae cavae (inferior and superior) return blood to the heart from the body tissues

69
Q

venipuncture

A

incision of a vein to remove blood

70
Q

venous

A

pertaining to a vein

71
Q

ventricle

A

one of two lower chambers of the heart

72
Q

venule

A

small vein

73
Q

ACE inhibitor

A

Drug that causes dilation of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, prevents heart attacks, strokes, and congestive heart failure. ACE stands for angiotensin-converting enzyme, which normally constricts blood vessels.

74
Q

acute coronary syndromes

A

consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries; unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack)

75
Q

aneurysm

A

local widening or ballooning out of a small area of an artery

76
Q

angina

A

chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia

77
Q

angiography

A

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

78
Q

atrioventricular block

A

failure of conduction of impulses from the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle and ventricles of the heart

79
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm

80
Q

auscultation

A

use of a stethoscope to listen for sounds emanating from the heart or other organs

81
Q

beta-blocker

A

drug used to treat high blood pressure and control heart rate

82
Q

bruit

A

an abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on ascultation of an artery or an organ

83
Q

calcium channel blocker

A

drug used to treat chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure (hypertension)

84
Q

cardiac arrest

A

sudden, unexpected stoppage of the heart; sudden cardiac death

85
Q

cardiac biomarkers

A

Chemicals that are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack. Examples are creatine kinase (CK), troponin-I (cTnI), and troponin T (cTnT)

86
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery and after contrast material is introduced, blood pressure is measured, and x-rays taken to image patterns of blood flow.

87
Q

cardiac MRI

A

images of the heart are produced with magnetic waves

88
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space

89
Q

cardioversion

A

treatment for serious arrhythmias using brief discharges of electricity to shock the heart so a normal rhythm can begin; defibrillation

90
Q

catheter ablation

A

brief delivery of radiofrequency or cryoenergy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias

91
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

congenital anomaly in which a portion of the aorta near the heart is narrowed or stenosed

92
Q

computerized tomography angiography

A

X-ray images are combined with computerized tomography to produce a three-dimensional picture of the heart and blood vessels.

93
Q

congenital heart disease

A

structural heart defects that appear at birth

94
Q

congestive heart failure

A

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

95
Q

coronary artery disease

A

arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become clogged and blocked with deposits of fatty material and cholesterol (plaque)

96
Q

coronary artery bypass grafting

A

arteries or veins are grafted onto coronary arteries to bypass blocked arteries and bring needed blood supply to the myocardium

97
Q

deep-vein thrombosis

A

blood clots form in a large vein, usually in the leg

98
Q

defibrillation

A

brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias

99
Q

digoxin

A

drug that increases the strength and regularity of the heartbeat

100
Q

digital subtraction angiography

A

video equipment, computer, and x-ray machine produce images of blood vessels before and after injecting contrast material

101
Q

Doppler ultrasound

A

method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow

102
Q

echocardiography

A

high-energy sound waves are transmitted into the chest and images recorded of valves, chambers, surfaces and movement of the heart

103
Q

electrocardiography

A

process of recording the electricity flowing through the heart

104
Q

electron beam computed tomography

A

electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early coronary artery disease

105
Q

embolus, emboli

A

a clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel

106
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery

107
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart)

108
Q

estracorporeal circulation

A

use of a heart-lung machine to divert blood from the heart and lungs during open heart surgery

109
Q

fibrillation

A

random, rapid, inefficient, irregular contractions of the atria or ventricles

110
Q

flutter

A

rapid, but regular contractions of the heart, usually of the atria

111
Q

heart transplantation

A

donor heart is transferred to a recipient

112
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted veins in the rectal and anal region

113
Q

Holter monitoring

A

compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias

114
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

115
Q

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

A

small electric device implanted inside the chest (near the collarbone) to sense arrhythmias and terminate them to restore normal sinus rhythm

116
Q

infarction

A

area of dead tissue

117
Q

ischemia

A

holding back blood to a region of the body; myocardial ischemia is deprivation of blood to the heart muscle

118
Q

left ventricular assist device

A

Booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle. An LVAD is a “bridge to transplant” or destination therapy when heart transplantation is impossible.

119
Q

lipid tests

A

measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a sample of blood

120
Q

lipoprotein electrophoresis

A

Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample. Examples of lipoproteins are HDL (high density lipoprotein) and LDL (low density lipoprotein).

121
Q

mitral stenosis

A

narrowing of the mitral valve

122
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

abnormal closure of the mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into the left atrium during ventricular contraction

123
Q

murmur

A

extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the heart

124
Q

myocardial infarction

A

area of dead (necrotic) tissue in the heart muscle; heart attack

125
Q

nitroglycerin

A

drug used in the treatment of angina (pectoris); it dilates coronary arteries so that more blood flows to heart muscle

126
Q

occlusion

A

blockage or closure of a vessel or tube

127
Q

palpitations

A

uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as skipped beats

128
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

the ductus arteriosus, a small duct that is open during fetal circulation, fails to close at birth

129
Q

percutanous coronary intervention

A

A catheter with a balloon and stent is inserted into a coronary artery to remove collections of plaque. Drug-eluting stents release chemicals to keep debris and plaque from recollecting.

130
Q

pericardial friction rub

A

scraping or grating sound heard on auscultation of the heart; it is usually symptomatic of pericarditis

131
Q

percarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium (double-layered outermost membrane of the heart)

132
Q

peripheral arterial disease

A

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs

133
Q

petechiae

A

small pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin

134
Q

positron emission tomography

A

images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive substances

135
Q

Raynaud disease

A

recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis in fingers and toes caused by blood vessel spasms

136
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

137
Q

septal defects

A

small holes, present at birth, in the walls between the heart chambers

138
Q

statins

A

drugs given to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream

139
Q

stress test

A

exercise tolerance test (ETT) is used to determine the heart’s response to physical exertion

140
Q

telemetry

A

continuous monitoring of a patient’s heart rhythm in a hospital

141
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

four separate defects of the heart occuring at birth

142
Q

technetium 99m sestamibi scan

A

update of a radioactive chemical (technetium 99m sestamibi) in mycardium reveals evidence of a heart attach (myocardial infarction)

143
Q

thallium 201 scan

A

concentration of a radioactive substance (thallium 201) is measure in the mycardium to show evidence of an infarction (“cold spots”)

144
Q

thrill

A

fine vibration felt on palpation (touching) the body over a blood vessel that is blocked

145
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

injection of drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots in the bloodstream)

146
Q

thrombotic occlusion

A

blockage of a blood vessel caused by thrombosis or clot formation

147
Q

varicose veins

A

swollen, twisted veins, often occurring in the legs

148
Q

vegetations

A

Collections of clotted material that accumulate on endocardium and valves of the heart in conditions such as endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease.

Medical Terms (14 decks)

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