Chapter 11. Cardiovascular System - Medical Terms Flashcards
1
Q
angiogram
A
x-ray record of a blood vessel
2
Q
angioplasty
A
surgical repair of a blood vessel
3
Q
anoxia
A
lack of oxygen in body tissues
4
Q
aorta
A
largest artery in the body
5
Q
aortic stenosis
A
narrowing of the aorta
6
Q
arrhythmia
A
without rhythm; an irregular beat of the heart
7
Q
arterial anastomosis
A
surgical connection between two arteries
8
Q
arteriography
A
x-ray recording of arteries; contrast is injected
9
Q
arteriole
A
small artery
10
Q
arteriosclerosis
A
hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque
11
Q
artery
A
largest type of blood vessel
12
Q
atheroma
A
mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery
13
Q
atherosclerosis
A
form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery
14
Q
atrial
A
pertaining to an atrium (upper chamber of the heart)
15
Q
atrioventricular bundle
A
specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting impulses between them; bundle of His
16
Q
atrioventricular node
A
specialized tissue in the wall between the atria; electrical impulses pass from the sino-atrial node (pacemaker) through the atrioventricular node and atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) toward the ventricles
17
Q
atrium, atria
A
upper chamber of the heart
18
Q
brachial artery
A
artery that carries blood to the arm
19
Q
bradycardia
A
slow heartbeat
20
Q
bundle of His
A
atrioventricular bundle
21
Q
capillary
A
smallest blood vessel
22
Q
carbon dioxide
A
Gas released by body cells and carried by veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation; CO2.
23
Q
cardiogenic shock
A
shock that results from failure of the heart in its pumping action
24
Q
cardiomegaly
A
enlargement of the heart
25
cardimyopathy
disease of heart muscle
26
coronary arteries
branches of the aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
27
cyanosis
abnormal condition of blueness of the skin; caused by decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide in the blood
28
deoxygenated blood
blood that is oxygen poor
29
diastole
relaxation phase of the heartbeat
30
electrocardiogram
record of the electricity flowing through the heart
31
endocardium
inner lining of the heart
32
endothelium
innermost lining of blood vessels
33
hypercholesterolemia
high levels of cholesterol in the blood
34
hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen in body tissues
35
interventricular septum
wall between the ventricles of the heart
36
mitral valve
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve
37
mitral valvulitis
inflammation of the mitral valve
38
myocardium
muscular layer of the heart
39
myxoma
rare neoplasm of connective tissue found in the heart muscle
40
normal sinus rhythm
heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node
41
oxygen
a gas that enters the body through the lungs and travels to the heart to be distributed by arterial blood to all parts of the body
42
pacemaker
specialized nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; it begins the heartbeat; sinoatrial node
43
pericardiocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid within the pericardial space surrounding the heart
44
pericardium
double-layered membrane surrounding the heart
45
phlebotomy
incision into a vein
46
pulmonary artery
blood vessel carrying oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
47
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood from the hear to the lungs and them back to the heart
48
pulmonary valve
a valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
49
pulmonary vein
one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
50
pulse
beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries
51
septum, septa
wall or partition; the interatrial septum lies between the atria of the heart and the interventricular septum is between the ventricles of the heart
52
sinoatrial node
sensitive nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; pacemaker of the heart
53
sphygmomanometer
instrument to measure blood pressure
54
stethoscope
instrument for listening to sounds in the chest
55
systemic circulation
flow of blood from body tissues to the heart and from the heart back to the tissues
56
systole
contraction phase of the heartbeat
57
tachycardia
rapid heartbeat
58
thrombolysis
destruction of a clot
59
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein and formation of a clot within the vein
60
tricuspid valve
a valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle
61
valve
Structure in a vein or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in the proper direction.
62
valvotomy
incision of a valve
63
valvuloplasty
surgical repair of a valve
64
vascular
pertaining to a blood vessel
65
vasoconstriction
narrowing of a blood vessel
66
vasodilation
widening of a blood vessel; vasodilatation
67
vein
thin-walled blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood from body tissues back to the heart
68
vena cava, venae cavae
largest vein in the body; the venae cavae (inferior and superior) return blood to the heart from the body tissues
69
venipuncture
incision of a vein to remove blood
70
venous
pertaining to a vein
71
ventricle
one of two lower chambers of the heart
72
venule
small vein
73
ACE inhibitor
Drug that causes dilation of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, prevents heart attacks, strokes, and congestive heart failure. ACE stands for angiotensin-converting enzyme, which normally constricts blood vessels.
74
acute coronary syndromes
consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries; unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack)
75
aneurysm
local widening or ballooning out of a small area of an artery
76
angina
chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia
77
angiography
x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
78
atrioventricular block
failure of conduction of impulses from the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle and ventricles of the heart
79
atrial fibrillation
electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm
80
auscultation
use of a stethoscope to listen for sounds emanating from the heart or other organs
81
beta-blocker
drug used to treat high blood pressure and control heart rate
82
bruit
an abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on ascultation of an artery or an organ
83
calcium channel blocker
drug used to treat chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure (hypertension)
84
cardiac arrest
sudden, unexpected stoppage of the heart; sudden cardiac death
85
cardiac biomarkers
Chemicals that are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack. Examples are creatine kinase (CK), troponin-I (cTnI), and troponin T (cTnT)
86
cardiac catheterization
Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery and after contrast material is introduced, blood pressure is measured, and x-rays taken to image patterns of blood flow.
87
cardiac MRI
images of the heart are produced with magnetic waves
88
cardiac tamponade
pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space
89
cardioversion
treatment for serious arrhythmias using brief discharges of electricity to shock the heart so a normal rhythm can begin; defibrillation
90
catheter ablation
brief delivery of radiofrequency or cryoenergy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias
91
coarctation of the aorta
congenital anomaly in which a portion of the aorta near the heart is narrowed or stenosed
92
computerized tomography angiography
X-ray images are combined with computerized tomography to produce a three-dimensional picture of the heart and blood vessels.
93
congenital heart disease
structural heart defects that appear at birth
94
congestive heart failure
heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
95
coronary artery disease
arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become clogged and blocked with deposits of fatty material and cholesterol (plaque)
96
coronary artery bypass grafting
arteries or veins are grafted onto coronary arteries to bypass blocked arteries and bring needed blood supply to the myocardium
97
deep-vein thrombosis
blood clots form in a large vein, usually in the leg
98
defibrillation
brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias
99
digoxin
drug that increases the strength and regularity of the heartbeat
100
digital subtraction angiography
video equipment, computer, and x-ray machine produce images of blood vessels before and after injecting contrast material
101
Doppler ultrasound
method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow
102
echocardiography
high-energy sound waves are transmitted into the chest and images recorded of valves, chambers, surfaces and movement of the heart
103
electrocardiography
process of recording the electricity flowing through the heart
104
electron beam computed tomography
electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early coronary artery disease
105
embolus, emboli
a clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel
106
endarterectomy
surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery
107
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart)
108
estracorporeal circulation
use of a heart-lung machine to divert blood from the heart and lungs during open heart surgery
109
fibrillation
random, rapid, inefficient, irregular contractions of the atria or ventricles
110
flutter
rapid, but regular contractions of the heart, usually of the atria
111
heart transplantation
donor heart is transferred to a recipient
112
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted veins in the rectal and anal region
113
Holter monitoring
compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
114
hypertension
high blood pressure
115
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
small electric device implanted inside the chest (near the collarbone) to sense arrhythmias and terminate them to restore normal sinus rhythm
116
infarction
area of dead tissue
117
ischemia
holding back blood to a region of the body; myocardial ischemia is deprivation of blood to the heart muscle
118
left ventricular assist device
Booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle. An LVAD is a “bridge to transplant” or destination therapy when heart transplantation is impossible.
119
lipid tests
measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a sample of blood
120
lipoprotein electrophoresis
Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample. Examples of lipoproteins are HDL (high density lipoprotein) and LDL (low density lipoprotein).
121
mitral stenosis
narrowing of the mitral valve
122
mitral valve prolapse
abnormal closure of the mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
123
murmur
extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the heart
124
myocardial infarction
area of dead (necrotic) tissue in the heart muscle; heart attack
125
nitroglycerin
drug used in the treatment of angina (pectoris); it dilates coronary arteries so that more blood flows to heart muscle
126
occlusion
blockage or closure of a vessel or tube
127
palpitations
uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as skipped beats
128
patent ductus arteriosus
the ductus arteriosus, a small duct that is open during fetal circulation, fails to close at birth
129
percutanous coronary intervention
A catheter with a balloon and stent is inserted into a coronary artery to remove collections of plaque. Drug-eluting stents release chemicals to keep debris and plaque from recollecting.
130
pericardial friction rub
scraping or grating sound heard on auscultation of the heart; it is usually symptomatic of pericarditis
131
percarditis
inflammation of the pericardium (double-layered outermost membrane of the heart)
132
peripheral arterial disease
blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs
133
petechiae
small pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin
134
positron emission tomography
images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive substances
135
Raynaud disease
recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis in fingers and toes caused by blood vessel spasms
136
rheumatic heart disease
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
137
septal defects
small holes, present at birth, in the walls between the heart chambers
138
statins
drugs given to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream
139
stress test
exercise tolerance test (ETT) is used to determine the heart's response to physical exertion
140
telemetry
continuous monitoring of a patient's heart rhythm in a hospital
141
tetralogy of Fallot
four separate defects of the heart occuring at birth
142
technetium 99m sestamibi scan
update of a radioactive chemical (technetium 99m sestamibi) in mycardium reveals evidence of a heart attach (myocardial infarction)
143
thallium 201 scan
concentration of a radioactive substance (thallium 201) is measure in the mycardium to show evidence of an infarction ("cold spots")
144
thrill
fine vibration felt on palpation (touching) the body over a blood vessel that is blocked
145
thrombolytic therapy
injection of drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots in the bloodstream)
146
thrombotic occlusion
blockage of a blood vessel caused by thrombosis or clot formation
147
varicose veins
swollen, twisted veins, often occurring in the legs
148
vegetations
Collections of clotted material that accumulate on endocardium and valves of the heart in conditions such as endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease.
