Chapter 7 - Urinary System Flashcards
What products are produced when foods containing protein are used by cells in the body and released into bloodstream.
Nitrogenous waste products.
- urea
- creatinine
- uric acid
Four functions of the kidney are:
- remove nitrogenous wastes: urea, creatinine, uric acid
- balance water and electrolytes: sodium, potassium
- release hormones: renin, erythropoietin, calciferol
- degrade and eliminate hormones from bloodstream
What is an arteriole?
Small artery.
What is calciferol?
Active form of vitamin D, secretes by kidney.
What is calyx, calx (plural: calyces or calices)?
Cup-like collecting region of renal pelvis.
What is a catheter?
Tube for injecting or removing fluids.
What does the term cortex mean?
Outer region of an organ; renal cortex is outer region of kidney.
Cortical: pertaining to cortex.
What is creatinine?
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.
Creatinine clearance is measure of efficiency of kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from blood.
What is an electrolyte?
Chemical element, carries an electrical charge.
Ie) K+, Na+
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
Hormone secretes by kidney to stimulate production of RBCs.
-poietin: substance that forms
What is filtration?
Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through filter.
What is a glomerular capsule?
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. Aka Bowman’s capsule.
It collects
Material filtered from blood through walls of glomerulus.
What is a glomerulus?
Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in kidney.
What is a hilum?
Depression in organ (ie, kidney) where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.
What is a kidney?
One of two bean shaped organs on either side of backbone in L region.
Filters nitrogenous wastes from bloodstream to urine.
What is meatus?
Opening or canal.
What does the term medulla mean?
Inner region of an organ.
Renal medulla = inner kidney.
What is a nephron?
Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in kidney.
What are nitrogenous wastes? examples?
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine.
Ie) urea, uric acid, creatinine
What is potassium?
K+
Electrolyte regulated by kidney so proper concentration in blood. Allows muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses.
What is reabsorption?
Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to body, back to bloodstream.
What is renal artery?
Blood vessel that carries blood to kidney.
What is a renal pelvis?
Central collecting region in kidney.
What is a renal tubule?
Microscopic tube in kidney where urine is formed after filtration.
What is a renal vein?
Blood vessel that carries blood away from kidney toward the heart.
What is renin?
Hormone secreted by kidney; raises BP by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
What is sodium?
(Na+)
Electrolyte regulated in blood and urine by kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, metabolic functions.
What is the trigone?
Triangular area in urinary bladder.
What is urea?
Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.
What is a ureter?
One of two tubes leading from kidneys to urinary bladder.
What is the urethra?
Tube leading from urinary bladder to outside of body.
What is uric acid?
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.
What is the urinary bladder?
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
What is urination? Aka ______
Aka voiding.
Process of expelling urine; AKA micturition
Combining form meaning; calci/o
Calyx (calix); cup shaped
Combining form meaning; calic/o
Calyx, calix; cup-shaped
Combining form meaning; cyst/o
Urinary bladder
Combining form meaning; glomerul/o
Glomerulus.
Combining form meaning; meat/o
Meatus.
Combining form meaning; nephr/o
Kidney.
Combining form meaning; pyel/o
Renal pelvis.
Combining form meaning; ren/o
Kidney
Combining form meaning; trigon/o
Trigone (region of bladder)
Combining form meaning; ureter/o
Ureter.
Combining form meaning; urethr/o
Urethra.
Combining form meaning; vesic/o
Urinary bladder.
Combining form meaning; albumin/o
Albumin (protein in blood).
Combining form meaning; azot/o
Nitrogen.
Combining form meaning; bacteri/o
Bacteria.
Combining form meaning; disp/o
Thirst.
Combining form meaning; kal/I
Potassium.
Combining form meaning; ket/o, keton/o
Ketone bodies (ketoacids + acetone)
Combining form meaning; lith/o
Stone
Combining form meaning; natr/o
Sodium.
Combining form meaning; noct/o
Night
Combining form meaning; oblig/o
Scanty.
Suffix meaning; -poietin
Substance that forms.
Combining form meaning; py/o
Pus.
Suffix meaning; -tripsy
Crushing.
Combining form meaning; ur/o
Urine (urea).
Combining form meaning; urin/o
Urine.
Suffix meaning; -uria
Urination; urine condition.
What is the difference between enuresis and nocturia?
Enuresis: Involuntary (bed wetting)
Nocturia: voluntary, frequent urination at night.
Name the following:
Inflammation of glomeruli within the kidney.
Glomerulonephritis.
Name the following:
inflammation of connective tissue that lies between renal tubules.
Interstitial nephritis.
Name the following: Kidney stones (calculi).
Nephrolithiasis.
Name the following:
Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.
Nephrotic syndrome.
Nephrosis.
Name the following:
Multiple fluid filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney.
Polycystic kidney disease. (PKD)
Name the following: inflammation of lining of renal pelvis and renal paraenchyma (essential and distinctive tissue).
Pyelonephritis.
What is renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)?
Cancerous tumour of kidney in adulthood.
-2% all cancers
What is renal failure?
Decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function.
What is renal hypertension?
High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease.
What is Wilms tumour?
Malignant tumour of the kidney occurring in childhood.
-treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
What is bladder cancer?
Malignant tumour of the urinary bladder.
-most frequent in men (often smokers) and people over 50
What is diabetes insidious (DI)?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH.
-in DI kidneys produce large amounts of dilute urine (polyuria). Lack of ADH prevents reabsorption.
What is diabetes mellitus? (DM)
Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects.
- w/o insulin sugar cannot leave bloodstream, not available to body cells for energy
Laboratory tests; blood urea nitrogen? Aka ?
BUN.
Measurement of urea levels in blood.
- when kidney is diseased or fails urea accumulated in blood (uremia)
Laboratory tests; creatinine clearance
Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from blood by kidney.
Clinical procedures; CT urography
X-Ray images obtained using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney.
Clinical procedures; kidneys, ureters, bladder? Aka?
KUB.
X-Ray examination w/o contrast of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
-shows size and location of kidneys in relation to other organs
Clinical procedures; renal angiography
X-Ray examination (w/o contrast) of blood vessels of the kidney.
-helps diagnose obstruction or construction of blood vessels leading to kidney
Clinical procedures; retrograde pyelogram (RF)
X-Ray of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from bladder.
Clinical procedures; voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
X-ray image w/ contrast of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding.
What is ultrasonography?
Imaging of urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves.
-kidney size, tumours, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease + obstruction
What is radioisotope scan?
Image of kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream.
What is a MRI urography?
Changing magnetic field produces images of kidneys + surrounding structures in three planes of the body.
What is a cystoscopy?
Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder w/ an endoscope (cystoscope).
- flexible
- rigid
What is dialysis?
Process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from blood.
- used to treat acute/chronic renal failure and some drug use
What is hemodialysis?
Artificial kidney machine receives waste filled blood, filters it through porous membrane, returns blood to body.
What is peritoneal dialysis?
Uses catheter to introduce fluid into peritoneal cavity.
What is lithotripsy?
Urinary tract stones are crushed.
What is renal angioplasty?
Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries.
- balloon attached to catheter, inserted into artery, inflated to enlarge vessel, stents may be inserted
What is a renal biopsy?
Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination.
What is a renal transplantation?
Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient.
- living donor twin = isograft
- other person = allograft
What is urinary catheterization?
Passage of flexible, tubular instrument through urethra into urinary bladder.
- used for short or long term drainage of fluid
