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Medical terminology > Chapter 7 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What products are produced when foods containing protein are used by cells in the body and released into bloodstream.

A

Nitrogenous waste products.

  • urea
  • creatinine
  • uric acid
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2
Q

Four functions of the kidney are:

A
  • remove nitrogenous wastes: urea, creatinine, uric acid
  • balance water and electrolytes: sodium, potassium
  • release hormones: renin, erythropoietin, calciferol
  • degrade and eliminate hormones from bloodstream
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3
Q

What is an arteriole?

A

Small artery.

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4
Q

What is calciferol?

A

Active form of vitamin D, secretes by kidney.

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5
Q

What is calyx, calx (plural: calyces or calices)?

A

Cup-like collecting region of renal pelvis.

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6
Q

What is a catheter?

A

Tube for injecting or removing fluids.

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7
Q

What does the term cortex mean?

A

Outer region of an organ; renal cortex is outer region of kidney.

Cortical: pertaining to cortex.

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8
Q

What is creatinine?

A

Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.

Creatinine clearance is measure of efficiency of kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from blood.

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9
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

Chemical element, carries an electrical charge.

Ie) K+, Na+

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10
Q

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

Hormone secretes by kidney to stimulate production of RBCs.

-poietin: substance that forms

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11
Q

What is filtration?

A

Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through filter.

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12
Q

What is a glomerular capsule?

A

Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. Aka Bowman’s capsule.

It collects
Material filtered from blood through walls of glomerulus.

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13
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in kidney.

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14
Q

What is a hilum?

A

Depression in organ (ie, kidney) where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.

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15
Q

What is a kidney?

A

One of two bean shaped organs on either side of backbone in L region.

Filters nitrogenous wastes from bloodstream to urine.

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16
Q

What is meatus?

A

Opening or canal.

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17
Q

What does the term medulla mean?

A

Inner region of an organ.

Renal medulla = inner kidney.

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18
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in kidney.

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19
Q

What are nitrogenous wastes? examples?

A

Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine.

Ie) urea, uric acid, creatinine

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20
Q

What is potassium?

A

K+

Electrolyte regulated by kidney so proper concentration in blood. Allows muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses.

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21
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to body, back to bloodstream.

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22
Q

What is renal artery?

A

Blood vessel that carries blood to kidney.

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23
Q

What is a renal pelvis?

A

Central collecting region in kidney.

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24
Q

What is a renal tubule?

A

Microscopic tube in kidney where urine is formed after filtration.

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25
Q

What is a renal vein?

A

Blood vessel that carries blood away from kidney toward the heart.

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26
Q

What is renin?

A

Hormone secreted by kidney; raises BP by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)

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27
Q

What is sodium?

A

(Na+)

Electrolyte regulated in blood and urine by kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, metabolic functions.

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28
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Triangular area in urinary bladder.

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29
Q

What is urea?

A

Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.

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30
Q

What is a ureter?

A

One of two tubes leading from kidneys to urinary bladder.

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31
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube leading from urinary bladder to outside of body.

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32
Q

What is uric acid?

A

Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.

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33
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.

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34
Q

What is urination? Aka ______

A

Aka voiding.

Process of expelling urine; AKA micturition

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35
Q

Combining form meaning; calci/o

A

Calyx (calix); cup shaped

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36
Q

Combining form meaning; calic/o

A

Calyx, calix; cup-shaped

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37
Q

Combining form meaning; cyst/o

A

Urinary bladder

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38
Q

Combining form meaning; glomerul/o

A

Glomerulus.

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39
Q

Combining form meaning; meat/o

A

Meatus.

40
Q

Combining form meaning; nephr/o

A

Kidney.

41
Q

Combining form meaning; pyel/o

A

Renal pelvis.

42
Q

Combining form meaning; ren/o

A

Kidney

43
Q

Combining form meaning; trigon/o

A

Trigone (region of bladder)

44
Q

Combining form meaning; ureter/o

A

Ureter.

45
Q

Combining form meaning; urethr/o

A

Urethra.

46
Q

Combining form meaning; vesic/o

A

Urinary bladder.

47
Q

Combining form meaning; albumin/o

A

Albumin (protein in blood).

48
Q

Combining form meaning; azot/o

A

Nitrogen.

49
Q

Combining form meaning; bacteri/o

A

Bacteria.

50
Q

Combining form meaning; disp/o

A

Thirst.

51
Q

Combining form meaning; kal/I

A

Potassium.

52
Q

Combining form meaning; ket/o, keton/o

A

Ketone bodies (ketoacids + acetone)

53
Q

Combining form meaning; lith/o

A

Stone

54
Q

Combining form meaning; natr/o

A

Sodium.

55
Q

Combining form meaning; noct/o

A

Night

56
Q

Combining form meaning; oblig/o

A

Scanty.

57
Q

Suffix meaning; -poietin

A

Substance that forms.

58
Q

Combining form meaning; py/o

A

Pus.

59
Q

Suffix meaning; -tripsy

A

Crushing.

60
Q

Combining form meaning; ur/o

A

Urine (urea).

61
Q

Combining form meaning; urin/o

A

Urine.

62
Q

Suffix meaning; -uria

A

Urination; urine condition.

63
Q

What is the difference between enuresis and nocturia?

A

Enuresis: Involuntary (bed wetting)

Nocturia: voluntary, frequent urination at night.

64
Q

Name the following:

Inflammation of glomeruli within the kidney.

A

Glomerulonephritis.

65
Q

Name the following:

inflammation of connective tissue that lies between renal tubules.

A

Interstitial nephritis.

66
Q 
Name the following: 
Kidney stones (calculi).
A

Nephrolithiasis.

67
Q

Name the following:

Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.

A

Nephrotic syndrome.

Nephrosis.

68
Q

Name the following:

Multiple fluid filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney.

A

Polycystic kidney disease. (PKD)

69
Q

Name the following: inflammation of lining of renal pelvis and renal paraenchyma (essential and distinctive tissue).

A

Pyelonephritis.

70
Q

What is renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)?

A

Cancerous tumour of kidney in adulthood.

-2% all cancers

71
Q

What is renal failure?

A

Decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function.

72
Q

What is renal hypertension?

A

High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease.

73
Q

What is Wilms tumour?

A

Malignant tumour of the kidney occurring in childhood.

-treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

74
Q

What is bladder cancer?

A

Malignant tumour of the urinary bladder.

-most frequent in men (often smokers) and people over 50

75
Q

What is diabetes insidious (DI)?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH.

-in DI kidneys produce large amounts of dilute urine (polyuria). Lack of ADH prevents reabsorption.

76
Q

What is diabetes mellitus? (DM)

A

Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects.

  • w/o insulin sugar cannot leave bloodstream, not available to body cells for energy
77
Q

Laboratory tests; blood urea nitrogen? Aka ?

A

BUN.

Measurement of urea levels in blood.

  • when kidney is diseased or fails urea accumulated in blood (uremia)
78
Q

Laboratory tests; creatinine clearance

A

Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from blood by kidney.

79
Q

Clinical procedures; CT urography

A

X-Ray images obtained using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney.

80
Q

Clinical procedures; kidneys, ureters, bladder? Aka?

A

KUB.

X-Ray examination w/o contrast of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

-shows size and location of kidneys in relation to other organs

81
Q

Clinical procedures; renal angiography

A

X-Ray examination (w/o contrast) of blood vessels of the kidney.

-helps diagnose obstruction or construction of blood vessels leading to kidney

82
Q

Clinical procedures; retrograde pyelogram (RF)

A

X-Ray of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from bladder.

83
Q

Clinical procedures; voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

A

X-ray image w/ contrast of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding.

84
Q

What is ultrasonography?

A

Imaging of urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves.

-kidney size, tumours, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease + obstruction

85
Q

What is radioisotope scan?

A

Image of kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream.

86
Q

What is a MRI urography?

A

Changing magnetic field produces images of kidneys + surrounding structures in three planes of the body.

87
Q

What is a cystoscopy?

A

Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder w/ an endoscope (cystoscope).

  • flexible
  • rigid
88
Q

What is dialysis?

A

Process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from blood.

  • used to treat acute/chronic renal failure and some drug use
89
Q

What is hemodialysis?

A

Artificial kidney machine receives waste filled blood, filters it through porous membrane, returns blood to body.

90
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Uses catheter to introduce fluid into peritoneal cavity.

91
Q

What is lithotripsy?

A

Urinary tract stones are crushed.

92
Q

What is renal angioplasty?

A

Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries.

  • balloon attached to catheter, inserted into artery, inflated to enlarge vessel, stents may be inserted
93
Q

What is a renal biopsy?

A

Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination.

94
Q

What is a renal transplantation?

A

Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient.

  • living donor twin = isograft
  • other person = allograft
95
Q

What is urinary catheterization?

A

Passage of flexible, tubular instrument through urethra into urinary bladder.

  • used for short or long term drainage of fluid

Medical terminology (15 decks)

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